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Questions and Answers

What is the course code for General Psychology?

Psych 1011

Who is the instructor of General Psychology?

Gezahegne Beyene

General Psychology is a course designed for students in their second year of study.

False (B)

What is the main goal of General Psychology?

<p>To provide students with an overview of the current body of knowledge and the science of psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the course examine specifically?

<p>The role of environmental factors and the interaction of nature and nurture in determining behaviors and mental processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the course in relation to human life?

<p>To equip students with the basic concepts of psychology and teach them how to apply psychological knowledge, principles, and theories to real-life situations and problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major theoretical perspectives covered in General Psychology?

<p>Psychodynamic Perspective, Behavioral Perspective, Humanistic Perspective, Cognitive Perspective, Biological Perspective, Socio-Cultural Perspective. (B), Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism, Psychoanalyses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a subfield of Psychology?

<p>Astrology (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology relies heavily on common sense to interpret human behavior.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the scientific method?

<p>A process of testing ideas through systematic observations, experimentations, and statistical analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is an integrated set of principles that explains observed facts, while a hypothesis is a tentative proposition about the relationship between variables or phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three major types of research methods used in Psychology?

<p>Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key limitations of the Naturalistic Observation method?

<p>Observer Effect and Observer Bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the Survey Method?

<p>It allows researchers to collect data from a large group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of the Case Study method?

<p>Limited generalizability of the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of the Correlational Research method?

<p>Correlation does not imply causation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Experimental Method is the only research method capable of establishing cause and effect relationships.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?

<p>The independent variable is the one that is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured to see the effects of the manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

<p>Sensation refers to the process of detecting stimuli through sensory organs, while perception refers to the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does transduction occur in the process of sensation?

<p>It is the conversion of incoming energy into neural activity by sensory receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute threshold of sensation?

<p>The minimum amount of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The detection of a stimulus depends only on its intensity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the difference threshold relate to sensation?

<p>It refers to the smallest noticeable change in stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sensory adaptation?

<p>To decrease responsiveness to unchanging stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception involves organizing sensations into meaningless patterns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main principles of perceptual organization?

<p>Figure-ground Principle, Closure, Proximity, Similarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of the Gestalt Psychology theory?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception is a passive process, merely reflecting the sensory information received.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is perception considered selective?

<p>Because we are constantly bombarded with a vast amount of sensory information, and our attention is drawn to specific stimuli that are important or relevant to us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Maintenance rehearsal and Elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition to keep information in short-term memory, while elaborative rehearsal creates connections between new information and existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three main types of long-term memory?

<p>Declarative/Explicit Memory (semantic and episodic) and Non-Declarative/Implicit Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between semantic and episodic memory

<p>Semantic memory stores general knowledge, while episodic memory stores personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is procedural memory different from declarative memory?

<p>Procedural memory refers to knowing how to do something, while declarative memory refers to knowing that something is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a factor that affects memory?

<p>The person's level of intelligence (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forgetting always occurs because of the decay of information over time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between proactive and retroactive interference

<p>Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information, while retroactive interference occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivated forgetting, also known as repression, implies that individuals consciously choose to forget certain memories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cue-dependent forgetting or retrieval failure occurs when individuals are unable to access information due to the absence of appropriate retrieval cues.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four key strategies for improving memory?

<p>Pay Attention, Encode Information in Multiple Ways, Add Meaning, Overlearn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivation is an external process that drives behavior towards a goal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of motives?

<p>Biological/Unlearned Motives and Social/Learned Motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the drive reduction theory and the incentive theory of motivation.

<p>The drive reduction theory focuses on internal needs and biological deficiencies that drive behavior, while the incentive theory focuses on external rewards and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation?

<p>Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or punishments, while intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction and enjoyment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five primary needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love and Belonginess Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization Needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of frustration?

<p>Conflict of motives or blocked goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between Approach-Approach Conflict and Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict.

<p>Approach-Approach Conflict involves choosing between two desirable goals, while Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict involves choosing between two undesirable goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an Approach-Avoidance Conflict?

<p>A single goal that has both positive and negative aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three sources of frustration according to Daniel Katz?

<p>Economic Conflict, Value Conflict, Power Conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotions are simply feelings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of emotion?

<p>Physiological, Behavioral, Cognitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main theories of emotion?

<p>James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schachter-Singer Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are primarily cognitive.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and conscious experience of emotion occur simultaneously.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Schachter-Singer theory contribute to the understanding of emotion?

<p>It emphasizes that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are essential for the experience of emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of personality?

<p>Distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person's responses to life situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main personality structures according to Freud?

<p>Id, Ego, Superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the id's primary function?

<p>To satisfy basic instincts and drives, seeking pleasure and immediate gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the superego?

<p>To internalize societal morals and act as a moral conscience, striving for perfection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the ego?

<p>To mediate between the demands of the id and the superego, navigating reality and finding a balance between instincts and morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Defense mechanisms primarily function to increase anxiety and distress.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are five common types of defense mechanisms?

<p>Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main assumptions of the Trait Theory of Personality?

<p>Personality exists along a continuum, personality is relatively enduring, and individuals differ in the degree to which they possess specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five factors in the Big Five Theory of Personality?

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Humanistic Theory of Personality differ from the Psychoanalytic Theory?

<p>The Humanistic Theory emphasizes individual growth and potential, while the Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-concept in the Humanistic Theory?

<p>An individual's perception of their own characteristics, traits, and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, a strong mismatch between the real self and the ideal self can lead to feelings of competence and capability.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of cultural diversity?

<p>It promotes broader perspectives, enriching understanding and appreciation of different ways of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture shock and what are some examples in the Ethiopian context?

<p>Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation or discomfort experienced when encountering a drastically different culture or environment. Examples in Ethiopia could be experiencing a fast-paced, technology-driven city environment after living in a rural area, encountering unfamiliar customs, or struggling with language barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to promote cultural diversity?

<p>Encourage interaction between individuals from different backgrounds, advocate for inclusive materials that represent diverse cultures, and intervene appropriately in situations of cultural insensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gender inclusion?

<p>To ensure that individuals of all genders have equal opportunities and access to resources and benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interpersonal communication?

<p>The exchange of information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages between individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social influence only occurs through verbal communication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of social influence?

<p>Persuasion and Compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive peer pressure and negative peer pressure?

<p>Positive peer pressure encourages healthy and beneficial behaviors, while negative peer pressure influences individuals towards harmful or destructive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some strategies for handling peer pressure?

<p>Avoid situations that feel uncomfortable, spend time with people who respect your decisions, evaluate the pros and cons of engaging in a behavior, understand that you don't have to please everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four levels of conflict?

<p>Intrapersonal Conflict, Interpersonal Conflict, Intergroup Conflict, Multi-Party Conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three general outcomes of conflict resolution?

<p>Win-Lose Approach, Lose-Lose Strategy, Win-Win Approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Win-Win Approach is typically seen as the most successful way to resolve conflict.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time management is a skill that is not relevant to academic success.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is time management considered a valuable asset?

<p>Because time is a non-renewable resource that cannot be replaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procrastination is a productive strategy for managing time.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key strategies for effective note taking?

<p>Be organized, make notes brief and focused, review notes as soon as possible to make connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three common note taking methods?

<p>The Cornell Method, Outlining, Charting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test-taking skills are inherent and cannot be learned or improved.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some general suggestions for successful test taking?

<p>Practice predicting and answering test questions, examine previous tests to identify strengths and weaknesses, get organized in advance, get plenty of sleep the night before the exam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social Skills are not essential for success in campus life.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of social skills that are crucial for success in campus life?

<p>Interpersonal Communication, Conflict Resolution, Cultural Awareness, Gender Sensitivity, Handling Peer Pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of decision-making?

<p>The process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problem solving and decision-making are entirely independent processes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven steps involved in effective problem-solving?

<p>Recognize/Identify the problem, Define and represent the problem mentally, Develop a solution strategy alternatives and select the best one, Organize knowledge and resources, Allocate mental and physical resources, Monitor progress, Evaluate the solution for accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Academic skills are only relevant to students and not applicable in professional settings.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of an academic skill?

<p>Financial Planning (C), Networking (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology Definition

The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Goals of Psychology

Description, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior.

Structuralism

Early school of psychology focused on the mind's basic elements (sensations, feelings).

Functionalism

Early school of psychology focused on how the mind functions in adapting to the environment.

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Gestalt Psychology

Early school emphasizing the whole is greater than the sum of its parts in perception.

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Behaviorism

Focuses on observable behavior; learning through experience.

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Psychoanalysis

Focuses on unconscious mental processes, especially in early childhood.

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Psychodynamic Perspective

Focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts, influenced by psychoanalysis.

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Behavioral Perspective

Focuses on learned behaviors and environmental influences.

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Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes free will, personal growth, and self-actualization.

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Cognitive Perspective

Focuses on mental processes like memory, thinking, and problem-solving.

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Biological Perspective

Focuses on biological factors (genes, brain, hormones) influencing behavior.

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Sociocultural Perspective

Focuses on how social and cultural factors influence behavior.

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Sensation

The process of receiving sensory stimulation.

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Perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

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Transduction

Converting energy into neural signals.

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Absolute Threshold

The minimum stimulus intensity detectable 50% of the time.

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Difference Threshold

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.

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Sensory Adaptation

Decreased responsiveness to unchanging stimuli.

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Figure-Ground

Organizing stimuli into figure (focal) and ground (background).

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Closure

Filling in gaps in incomplete figures to create a complete form.

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Proximity

Grouping nearby objects together.

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Similarity

Grouping similar objects together.

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Size Constancy

Perception of an object's size as constant despite changes in retinal image.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: General Psychology
  • Course Code: Psych 1011
  • Credit Hours: 3 (5 ECTS)
  • Target Group: First-Year Students
  • Instructor: Gezahegne Beyene (Assistant Professor)

Course Description

  • Introduces students to the current body of psychological knowledge and the science of psychology.
  • Examines the role of environmental factors and the interaction of nature and nurture in determining behaviors and mental processes.

Course Rationale

  • Covers fundamental psychological concepts and principles with applications to human life problems.
  • Aims to introduce basic psychological concepts and how to implement psychological knowledge, principles, and theories in real-life situations.

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will be able to describe basic psychological concepts.
  • They will be able to compare and contrast major theoretical perspectives in psychology.
  • Students will discuss sensation and perception.
  • The course will help students compare and contrast different learning theories.
  • They will summarize motivational and emotional processes.
  • Students will be able to discuss the basic notion of personality.

Course Content - Chapter One: Essence of Psychology

  • Definition of Basic Concepts
  • Goals of Psychology
  • Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology
  • Branches of Psychology
  • Research Methods in Psychology

Course Content - Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception

  • Meaning of sensation and perception
  • Sensory laws (sensory thresholds and sensory adaptation)
  • Perception (selectivity of perception: attention, form perception, depth perception)

Course Content - Chapter Three: Learning

  • Definition of Learning
  • Principles of Learning
  • Characteristics of Learning
  • Factors Influencing Learning
  • Theories of Learning and their Applications
    • Behavioral Theory of Learning
    • Social Learning Theory
    • Cognitive Learning Theory

Course Content - Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting

  • Memory
  • Meaning and Process of Memory
  • Stages of Memory
  • Factors Affecting Memory
  • Forgetting
    • Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting
    • Theories of Forgetting
    • Improving Memory

Course Content - Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotion

  • Motivation
    • Definition and Types of Motivation
    • Theories of Motivation and their Applications
    • Conflict of Motives and Frustration
  • Emotion
    • Definition of Emotion
    • Components of Emotion
    • Theories of Emotion and their Applications

Course Content - Chapter Six: Personality

  • Meaning of Personality
  • Theories of Personality
    • Psychoanalytic Theory
    • Trait Theory
    • Humanistic Theory

Course Content - Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques

  • Nature of Psychological Disorders
  • Causes of Psychological Disorders
    • Biological Perspective
    • Psychological Perspective
  • Types of Psychological Disorders
  • Treatment Techniques

Course Content - Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills

  • Definition and Nature of Life Skills
  • Components of Life Skills
  • Goals of Life Skills

Course Content - Chapter One: Essence of Psychology (Continued)

  • History and Major Perspectives in Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt's role and historical period of development
    • Early Schools of Psychology
      • Structuralism
        • Goal: to discover the building blocks of the mind
        • Key method: Introspection
      • Functionalism
        • Goal: to describe the functions of the mind
        • Used methods besides introspection
      • Gestalt Psychology
        • Rejects structuralism and functionalism
        • Focuses on the whole and patterns
      • Behaviorism
        • Focuses on only observable behavior which can be learned
      • Psychoanalysis
        • Unconscious forces drive human behaviour
        • Early experiences form a personality
      • Modern Schools
        • Psychodynamic Perspective
        • Behavioral Perspective
        • Humanistic Perspective
        • Cognitive Perspective
        • Biological Perspective
        • Socio-cultural Perspective

  • Learning Outcomes - Branches of Psychology: - Developmental Psychology - Counseling Psychology - Clinical Psychology - Educational Psychology - Industrial /Organizational Psychology - Social Psychology - Cross-cultural Psychology - Forensic Psychology - Health Psychology - Personality Psychology

  • Research Methods:

    • Scientific Method
    • Theory
    • Hypotheses
    • Descriptive Methods
      • Naturalistic Observation
      • Survey Method
      • Case Study
    • Correlational Research
    • Experimental Methods
      • Independent Variable
      • Dependent Variable
      • Experimental Group
      • Control/Comparison Group
    • Steps of Scientific Research

  • Sensation

    • Definition
    • Transduction
    • Sensory thresholds
      • Absolute Thresholds
      • Difference Threshold
    • Sensory adaptation
    • Sensory deprivation /overload

  • Perception (overview)

    • Features of perception /processes
      • Selectivity (Attention)
      • Movement
      • Repetition
      • Intensity
      • Novelty
      • Contrast (Color)
      • Internal (Psychological) Factors

  • Organization and structure in perception

    • Principles (laws) of perceptual organization
      • Figure-ground Principle
      • Principle of Closure
      • Principle of Proximity
      • Principle of Similarity
    • Depth Perception
      • Binocular cues
        • Retinal disparity
        • Convergence
      • Monocular cues
        • Relative size
        • Interposition
        • Linear perspective
        • Aerial perspective
        • Motion Parallax

  • Memory processes

    • Characteristics of learning
    • Factors affecting learning/memory

  • Memory

    • Memory processes
    • Encoding
    • Storage
    • Retrieval
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Sensory Register
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Short term Memory (STM)
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Long term Memory (LTM)
      • Declarative/Explicit Memory
        • Semantic memory
        • Episodic memory
      • Non-declarative/Implicit Memory
        • Procedural memory
    • Serial Position Effect
    • Factors that Affect Memory
    • Forgetting
      • Decay Theory
      • Interference Theory
      • Displacement Theory
      • Motivated Forgetting (Repression)
      • Cue-dependent Forgetting (Retrieval Failure)
    • Improving Memory

  • Motivation

    • Definition
    • Types of Motives: Biological vs Social
    • Theories of Motivation
      • Instinct Theory
      • Drive Reduction Theory (Push Theory)
      • Incentive Theory (Pull Theory)
      • Cognitive Theory of Motivation
        • Extrinsic Motivation
        • Intrinsic Motivation
      • Humanistic Theory of Motivation (Abraham Maslow)

  • Frustration

  • Conflict Motivation/Types of conflict - Approach-Approach - Avoidance-Avoidance - Approach-Avoidance - Multiple approach-avoidance

  • Emotion

    • Defining characteristics
    • Physiological Component
    • Behavioral Component
    • Subjective Experience
    • Theories of Emotion
    • The James Lange theory of Emotion
    • The Canon Bard theory of Emotion
    • Schachter-Singer theory of Emotion

  • Personality

    • Meaning of personality
    • Theories of Personality

      • Psychoanalytic Theory

        • Freud's theory
        • Personality Structures
          • The Id
          • The Superego
          • The Ego
        • Defence Mechanisms
          • Repression
          • Rationalization
          • Reaction Formation
          • Projection
          • Displacement

      • Trait Theory

        • Traits
        • The Big Five Theory of Personality

      • Humanistic Theory

  • Self-awareness

    • features of self-concept
    • bases for actions
      • The natural self
      • The learned self
      • The choosing self

  • Self-confidence

  • Self-control

  • Anger Management

  • Learning (specific principles of learning, theories and factors that affect and learning)

  • Stress/Coping with stress

Assignments

  • Cultural Diversity group assignment: What is cultural diversity, the uses of cultural diversity, the phenomenon of culture shock in Ethiopia, and ways to appreciate/promote cultural diversity. Deadline: 2 weeks from assignment submission date

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