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Questions and Answers

What is the course code for General Psychology?

Psych 1011

Who is the instructor of General Psychology?

Gezahegne Beyene

General Psychology is a course designed for students in their second year of study.

False

What is the main goal of General Psychology?

<p>To provide students with an overview of the current body of knowledge and the science of psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the course examine specifically?

<p>The role of environmental factors and the interaction of nature and nurture in determining behaviors and mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the course in relation to human life?

<p>To equip students with the basic concepts of psychology and teach them how to apply psychological knowledge, principles, and theories to real-life situations and problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major theoretical perspectives covered in General Psychology?

<p>Psychodynamic Perspective, Behavioral Perspective, Humanistic Perspective, Cognitive Perspective, Biological Perspective, Socio-Cultural Perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a subfield of Psychology?

<p>Astrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychology relies heavily on common sense to interpret human behavior.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the scientific method?

<p>A process of testing ideas through systematic observations, experimentations, and statistical analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

<p>A theory is an integrated set of principles that explains observed facts, while a hypothesis is a tentative proposition about the relationship between variables or phenomena.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three major types of research methods used in Psychology?

<p>Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key limitations of the Naturalistic Observation method?

<p>Observer Effect and Observer Bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the Survey Method?

<p>It allows researchers to collect data from a large group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main disadvantage of the Case Study method?

<p>Limited generalizability of the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of the Correlational Research method?

<p>Correlation does not imply causation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Experimental Method is the only research method capable of establishing cause and effect relationships.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?

<p>The independent variable is the one that is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured to see the effects of the manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

<p>To provide a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

<p>Sensation refers to the process of detecting stimuli through sensory organs, while perception refers to the process of interpreting and organizing sensory information into meaningful patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does transduction occur in the process of sensation?

<p>It is the conversion of incoming energy into neural activity by sensory receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the absolute threshold of sensation?

<p>The minimum amount of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The detection of a stimulus depends only on its intensity.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the difference threshold relate to sensation?

<p>It refers to the smallest noticeable change in stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sensory adaptation?

<p>To decrease responsiveness to unchanging stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception involves organizing sensations into meaningless patterns.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main principles of perceptual organization?

<p>Figure-ground Principle, Closure, Proximity, Similarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle of the Gestalt Psychology theory?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Perception is a passive process, merely reflecting the sensory information received.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is perception considered selective?

<p>Because we are constantly bombarded with a vast amount of sensory information, and our attention is drawn to specific stimuli that are important or relevant to us.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Maintenance rehearsal and Elaborative rehearsal?

<p>Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition to keep information in short-term memory, while elaborative rehearsal creates connections between new information and existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three main types of long-term memory?

<p>Declarative/Explicit Memory (semantic and episodic) and Non-Declarative/Implicit Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between semantic and episodic memory

<p>Semantic memory stores general knowledge, while episodic memory stores personal experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is procedural memory different from declarative memory?

<p>Procedural memory refers to knowing how to do something, while declarative memory refers to knowing that something is true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a factor that affects memory?

<p>The person's level of intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forgetting always occurs because of the decay of information over time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between proactive and retroactive interference

<p>Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the recall of new information, while retroactive interference occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivated forgetting, also known as repression, implies that individuals consciously choose to forget certain memories.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cue-dependent forgetting or retrieval failure occurs when individuals are unable to access information due to the absence of appropriate retrieval cues.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four key strategies for improving memory?

<p>Pay Attention, Encode Information in Multiple Ways, Add Meaning, Overlearn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivation is an external process that drives behavior towards a goal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of motives?

<p>Biological/Unlearned Motives and Social/Learned Motives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between the drive reduction theory and the incentive theory of motivation.

<p>The drive reduction theory focuses on internal needs and biological deficiencies that drive behavior, while the incentive theory focuses on external rewards and goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation?

<p>Extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or punishments, while intrinsic motivation is driven by internal satisfaction and enjoyment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five primary needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

<p>Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love and Belonginess Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization Needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of frustration?

<p>Conflict of motives or blocked goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between Approach-Approach Conflict and Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict.

<p>Approach-Approach Conflict involves choosing between two desirable goals, while Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict involves choosing between two undesirable goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an Approach-Avoidance Conflict?

<p>A single goal that has both positive and negative aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three sources of frustration according to Daniel Katz?

<p>Economic Conflict, Value Conflict, Power Conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emotions are simply feelings.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of emotion?

<p>Physiological, Behavioral, Cognitive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main theories of emotion?

<p>James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schachter-Singer Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are primarily cognitive.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that physiological arousal and conscious experience of emotion occur simultaneously.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Schachter-Singer theory contribute to the understanding of emotion?

<p>It emphasizes that both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation are essential for the experience of emotion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of personality?

<p>Distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that characterize a person's responses to life situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main personality structures according to Freud?

<p>Id, Ego, Superego.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the id's primary function?

<p>To satisfy basic instincts and drives, seeking pleasure and immediate gratification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the superego?

<p>To internalize societal morals and act as a moral conscience, striving for perfection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of the ego?

<p>To mediate between the demands of the id and the superego, navigating reality and finding a balance between instincts and morality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Defense mechanisms primarily function to increase anxiety and distress.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are five common types of defense mechanisms?

<p>Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main assumptions of the Trait Theory of Personality?

<p>Personality exists along a continuum, personality is relatively enduring, and individuals differ in the degree to which they possess specific traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five factors in the Big Five Theory of Personality?

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Humanistic Theory of Personality differ from the Psychoanalytic Theory?

<p>The Humanistic Theory emphasizes individual growth and potential, while the Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the self-concept in the Humanistic Theory?

<p>An individual's perception of their own characteristics, traits, and abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rogers, a strong mismatch between the real self and the ideal self can lead to feelings of competence and capability.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of cultural diversity?

<p>It promotes broader perspectives, enriching understanding and appreciation of different ways of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is culture shock and what are some examples in the Ethiopian context?

<p>Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation or discomfort experienced when encountering a drastically different culture or environment. Examples in Ethiopia could be experiencing a fast-paced, technology-driven city environment after living in a rural area, encountering unfamiliar customs, or struggling with language barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some ways to promote cultural diversity?

<p>Encourage interaction between individuals from different backgrounds, advocate for inclusive materials that represent diverse cultures, and intervene appropriately in situations of cultural insensitivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gender inclusion?

<p>To ensure that individuals of all genders have equal opportunities and access to resources and benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interpersonal communication?

<p>The exchange of information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages between individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social influence only occurs through verbal communication.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of social influence?

<p>Persuasion and Compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between positive peer pressure and negative peer pressure?

<p>Positive peer pressure encourages healthy and beneficial behaviors, while negative peer pressure influences individuals towards harmful or destructive behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some strategies for handling peer pressure?

<p>Avoid situations that feel uncomfortable, spend time with people who respect your decisions, evaluate the pros and cons of engaging in a behavior, understand that you don't have to please everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are four levels of conflict?

<p>Intrapersonal Conflict, Interpersonal Conflict, Intergroup Conflict, Multi-Party Conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three general outcomes of conflict resolution?

<p>Win-Lose Approach, Lose-Lose Strategy, Win-Win Approach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Win-Win Approach is typically seen as the most successful way to resolve conflict.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Time management is a skill that is not relevant to academic success.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is time management considered a valuable asset?

<p>Because time is a non-renewable resource that cannot be replaced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Procrastination is a productive strategy for managing time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the key strategies for effective note taking?

<p>Be organized, make notes brief and focused, review notes as soon as possible to make connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are three common note taking methods?

<p>The Cornell Method, Outlining, Charting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Test-taking skills are inherent and cannot be learned or improved.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some general suggestions for successful test taking?

<p>Practice predicting and answering test questions, examine previous tests to identify strengths and weaknesses, get organized in advance, get plenty of sleep the night before the exam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Social Skills are not essential for success in campus life.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of social skills that are crucial for success in campus life?

<p>Interpersonal Communication, Conflict Resolution, Cultural Awareness, Gender Sensitivity, Handling Peer Pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of decision-making?

<p>The process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problem solving and decision-making are entirely independent processes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the seven steps involved in effective problem-solving?

<p>Recognize/Identify the problem, Define and represent the problem mentally, Develop a solution strategy alternatives and select the best one, Organize knowledge and resources, Allocate mental and physical resources, Monitor progress, Evaluate the solution for accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Academic skills are only relevant to students and not applicable in professional settings.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of an academic skill?

<p>Financial Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course Title: General Psychology
  • Course Code: Psych 1011
  • Credit Hours: 3 (5 ECTS)
  • Target Group: First-Year Students
  • Instructor: Gezahegne Beyene (Assistant Professor)

Course Description

  • Introduces students to the current body of psychological knowledge and the science of psychology.
  • Examines the role of environmental factors and the interaction of nature and nurture in determining behaviors and mental processes.

Course Rationale

  • Covers fundamental psychological concepts and principles with applications to human life problems.
  • Aims to introduce basic psychological concepts and how to implement psychological knowledge, principles, and theories in real-life situations.

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will be able to describe basic psychological concepts.
  • They will be able to compare and contrast major theoretical perspectives in psychology.
  • Students will discuss sensation and perception.
  • The course will help students compare and contrast different learning theories.
  • They will summarize motivational and emotional processes.
  • Students will be able to discuss the basic notion of personality.

Course Content - Chapter One: Essence of Psychology

  • Definition of Basic Concepts
  • Goals of Psychology
  • Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology
  • Branches of Psychology
  • Research Methods in Psychology

Course Content - Chapter Two: Sensation and Perception

  • Meaning of sensation and perception
  • Sensory laws (sensory thresholds and sensory adaptation)
  • Perception (selectivity of perception: attention, form perception, depth perception)

Course Content - Chapter Three: Learning

  • Definition of Learning
  • Principles of Learning
  • Characteristics of Learning
  • Factors Influencing Learning
  • Theories of Learning and their Applications
    • Behavioral Theory of Learning
    • Social Learning Theory
    • Cognitive Learning Theory

Course Content - Chapter Four: Memory and Forgetting

  • Memory
  • Meaning and Process of Memory
  • Stages of Memory
  • Factors Affecting Memory
  • Forgetting
    • Meaning and Concepts of Forgetting
    • Theories of Forgetting
    • Improving Memory

Course Content - Chapter Five: Motivation and Emotion

  • Motivation
    • Definition and Types of Motivation
    • Theories of Motivation and their Applications
    • Conflict of Motives and Frustration
  • Emotion
    • Definition of Emotion
    • Components of Emotion
    • Theories of Emotion and their Applications

Course Content - Chapter Six: Personality

  • Meaning of Personality
  • Theories of Personality
    • Psychoanalytic Theory
    • Trait Theory
    • Humanistic Theory

Course Content - Chapter Seven: Psychological Disorders and Treatment Techniques

  • Nature of Psychological Disorders
  • Causes of Psychological Disorders
    • Biological Perspective
    • Psychological Perspective
  • Types of Psychological Disorders
  • Treatment Techniques

Course Content - Chapter Eight: Introduction to Life Skills

  • Definition and Nature of Life Skills
  • Components of Life Skills
  • Goals of Life Skills

Course Content - Chapter One: Essence of Psychology (Continued)

  • History and Major Perspectives in Psychology

    • Wilhelm Wundt's role and historical period of development
    • Early Schools of Psychology
      • Structuralism
        • Goal: to discover the building blocks of the mind
        • Key method: Introspection
      • Functionalism
        • Goal: to describe the functions of the mind
        • Used methods besides introspection
      • Gestalt Psychology
        • Rejects structuralism and functionalism
        • Focuses on the whole and patterns
      • Behaviorism
        • Focuses on only observable behavior which can be learned
      • Psychoanalysis
        • Unconscious forces drive human behaviour
        • Early experiences form a personality
      • Modern Schools
        • Psychodynamic Perspective
        • Behavioral Perspective
        • Humanistic Perspective
        • Cognitive Perspective
        • Biological Perspective
        • Socio-cultural Perspective

  • Learning Outcomes - Branches of Psychology: - Developmental Psychology - Counseling Psychology - Clinical Psychology - Educational Psychology - Industrial /Organizational Psychology - Social Psychology - Cross-cultural Psychology - Forensic Psychology - Health Psychology - Personality Psychology

  • Research Methods:

    • Scientific Method
    • Theory
    • Hypotheses
    • Descriptive Methods
      • Naturalistic Observation
      • Survey Method
      • Case Study
    • Correlational Research
    • Experimental Methods
      • Independent Variable
      • Dependent Variable
      • Experimental Group
      • Control/Comparison Group
    • Steps of Scientific Research

  • Sensation

    • Definition
    • Transduction
    • Sensory thresholds
      • Absolute Thresholds
      • Difference Threshold
    • Sensory adaptation
    • Sensory deprivation /overload

  • Perception (overview)

    • Features of perception /processes
      • Selectivity (Attention)
      • Movement
      • Repetition
      • Intensity
      • Novelty
      • Contrast (Color)
      • Internal (Psychological) Factors

  • Organization and structure in perception

    • Principles (laws) of perceptual organization
      • Figure-ground Principle
      • Principle of Closure
      • Principle of Proximity
      • Principle of Similarity
    • Depth Perception
      • Binocular cues
        • Retinal disparity
        • Convergence
      • Monocular cues
        • Relative size
        • Interposition
        • Linear perspective
        • Aerial perspective
        • Motion Parallax

  • Memory processes

    • Characteristics of learning
    • Factors affecting learning/memory

  • Memory

    • Memory processes
    • Encoding
    • Storage
    • Retrieval
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Sensory Register
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Short term Memory (STM)
    • Stage/ Structures of Memory: Long term Memory (LTM)
      • Declarative/Explicit Memory
        • Semantic memory
        • Episodic memory
      • Non-declarative/Implicit Memory
        • Procedural memory
    • Serial Position Effect
    • Factors that Affect Memory
    • Forgetting
      • Decay Theory
      • Interference Theory
      • Displacement Theory
      • Motivated Forgetting (Repression)
      • Cue-dependent Forgetting (Retrieval Failure)
    • Improving Memory

  • Motivation

    • Definition
    • Types of Motives: Biological vs Social
    • Theories of Motivation
      • Instinct Theory
      • Drive Reduction Theory (Push Theory)
      • Incentive Theory (Pull Theory)
      • Cognitive Theory of Motivation
        • Extrinsic Motivation
        • Intrinsic Motivation
      • Humanistic Theory of Motivation (Abraham Maslow)

  • Frustration

  • Conflict Motivation/Types of conflict - Approach-Approach - Avoidance-Avoidance - Approach-Avoidance - Multiple approach-avoidance

  • Emotion

    • Defining characteristics
    • Physiological Component
    • Behavioral Component
    • Subjective Experience
    • Theories of Emotion
    • The James Lange theory of Emotion
    • The Canon Bard theory of Emotion
    • Schachter-Singer theory of Emotion

  • Personality

    • Meaning of personality
    • Theories of Personality

      • Psychoanalytic Theory

        • Freud's theory
        • Personality Structures
          • The Id
          • The Superego
          • The Ego
        • Defence Mechanisms
          • Repression
          • Rationalization
          • Reaction Formation
          • Projection
          • Displacement

      • Trait Theory

        • Traits
        • The Big Five Theory of Personality

      • Humanistic Theory

  • Self-awareness

    • features of self-concept
    • bases for actions
      • The natural self
      • The learned self
      • The choosing self

  • Self-confidence

  • Self-control

  • Anger Management

  • Learning (specific principles of learning, theories and factors that affect and learning)

  • Stress/Coping with stress

Assignments

  • Cultural Diversity group assignment: What is cultural diversity, the uses of cultural diversity, the phenomenon of culture shock in Ethiopia, and ways to appreciate/promote cultural diversity. Deadline: 2 weeks from assignment submission date

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