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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral artery?

  • Supply blood to the abdominal organs
  • Supply blood to the lower limbs
  • Supply blood to the brainstem and posterior fossa (correct)
  • Supply blood to the arms

    • Which structure is primarily supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?

  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Frontal lobe

    • What is the significance of the Circle of Willis in cranial blood supply?

  • It filters blood before it reaches the brain
  • It provides collateral circulation to the brain (correct)
  • It prevents hemorrhage in the brain
  • It regulates blood pressure in the brain

    • The basilar artery is formed by the fusion of which arteries?

    <p>Vertebral arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is NOT a branch of the thoracic aorta?

    <p>Renal artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In clinical cases involving cranial blood supply, which artery would be least likely affected by an embolism in the carotid artery?

    <p>Basilar artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arteries is primarily associated with providing blood to the upper limb?

    <p>Brachial artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery's branches are mnemonic-named 'PEPSi My Best Soda'?

    <p>Thoracic aorta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the basilar artery?

    <p>To provide circulation to the cerebellum and brainstem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries are involved in the formation of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>Vertebral arteries and carotid arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery?

    <p>It provides blood flow to the inferior surface of the cerebellum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertebral arteries merge to form which artery?

    <p>Basilar artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a clinical case involving a blockage in the basilar artery, which area of the brain is most likely to be affected?

    <p>Cerebellum and brainstem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure facilitates the passage of blood from the right to the left hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Circle of Willis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is least likely to result from a compromised Circle of Willis?

    <p>Colorblindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the anterior communicating artery is to connect which two arteries?

    <p>Right and left anterior cerebral arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the right coronary artery?

    <p>Supply blood to the right ventricle and right atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is also referred to as the bicuspid valve?

    <p>Mitral valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of papillary muscles in the heart?

    <p>Facilitate the closure of the mitral valve during contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is characteristic of the mitral valve?

    <p>Two cusps along with a fibrous ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the heart does the left coronary artery primarily supply?

    <p>Left atrium and left ventricle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>It acts as a collateral circulation pathway for the brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

    <p>Inferior surface of the cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the valves in the heart?

    <p>Control the direction of blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Interventricular septum

    The muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart.

    Atrioventricular bundle

    A component of the heart's electrical conduction system that transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles.

    Cardiac innervation

    Nerve supply to the heart, controlling heart rate and strength of contraction.

    SA node

    The heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat.

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    Systemic circulation

    The flow of blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart.

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    Aorta

    The main artery of the body, carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to other organs.

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    Carotid arteries

    Major arteries supplying blood to the head and neck.

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    Coronary arteries

    Blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

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    Branches of Thoracic Aorta

    The main branches of the thoracic aorta are the pericardial, esophageal, bronchial, subcostal, mediastinal, and superior phrenic arteries.

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    Branches of Abdominal Aorta

    The abdominal aorta branches into paired and unpaired visceral arteries, and parietal arteries.

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    Celiac Trunk

    A large unpaired artery that branches off the abdominal aorta, supplying the stomach, liver, and spleen.

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    Superior Mesenteric Artery

    An unpaired artery branching off the abdominal aorta, supplying the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

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    Inferior Mesenteric Artery

    An unpaired artery that branches off the abdominal aorta, supplying the lower part of the large intestine.

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    Middle Suprarenal Artery

    Paired artery that supplies the adrenal gland.

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    Renal Artery

    Paired artery that supplies the kidney.

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    Testicular/Ovarian Artery

    Paired arteries that supply the gonads (testes or ovaries).

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    Right Coronary Artery

    A major artery supplying blood to the right side of the heart.

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    Left Coronary Artery

    A major artery that supplies blood to the left side of the heart.

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    Heart Chambers

    The four hollow parts of the heart (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle).

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    Tricuspid Valve

    The heart valve separating the right atrium and ventricle.

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    Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

    The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

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    Papillary Muscles

    Small muscles within the heart's ventricles crucial for valve function.

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    Pulmonary Valve

    The valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

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    Aortic Valve

    The valve controlling blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

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    Study Notes

    Body Systems III - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

    • Program: MD Program
    • Faculty: Medicine
    • Semester: III
    • Invited Lecturer: Ivditi Okuashvili

    Heart Chambers

    • The heart is composed of two pumps separated by a partition.
    • The right pump receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs.
    • The left pump receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body.
    • Each pump consists of an atrium and a ventricle separated by a valve.
    • Thin-walled atria receive blood entering the heart.
    • Thick-walled ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
    • The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because more force is needed to pump blood throughout the body than through the lungs.
    • Interatrial, interventricular, and atrioventricular septa separate the four chambers of the heart.

    Right Atrium

    • The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium.
    • Blood returns to the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae (from the body) and the coronary sinus (from the heart).
    • Blood then passes to the right ventricle via the right atrioventricular orifice, closed by the tricuspid valve during ventricular contraction.

    Right Ventricle

    • The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) is a specialized trabeculum connecting the lower portion of the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle.
    • Septomarginal trabecula carries a portion of the cardiac conduction system (right bundle of the atrioventricular bundle).
    • A few trabeculae carneae (papillary muscles) are attached to the ventricular surface and have tendon-like connections (chordae tendineae) to the tricuspid valve cusps.
    • The outflow tract, the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), leads to the pulmonary trunk.

    Pulmonary Valve

    • The pulmonary valve prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle.
    • It consists of three semilunar cusps which are thickened portions.
    • The nodules and lunulae (thin lateral portions) mark the free edges.

    Left Atrium

    • The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the four pulmonary veins.
    • During development, the valve of the foramen ovale prevents blood flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, but this valve may not be completely fused in some adults.

    Left Ventricle

    • The left ventricle has a thick muscular wall, required to pump blood to the body.
    • The trabeculae carneae in the left ventricle are fine and delicate in contrast to those in the right ventricle.
    • The large and prominent papillary muscles are visible in the left ventricle, which are more prominent and larger than those in the right ventricle.

    Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

    • The mitral valve (left atrioventricular) closes the left atrioventricular orifice during ventricular contraction
    • The valve has two cusps, anterior and posterior.

    Aortic Valve

    • The aortic valve regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta.
    • The aortic valve is similar in structure to the pulmonary valve, with three semilunar cusps.
    • The sinuses of the ascending aorta are pocket-like areas between the cusps and the wall.

    Coronary Circulation

    • The coronary circulation supplies the heart with oxygenated blood.
    • The coronary arteries encircle the heart's surface in the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove).
    • The left coronary artery divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches, supplying parts of the left ventricle and the left atrium.
    • The right coronary artery divides into the right marginal and posterior interventricular branches, supplying parts of the right ventricle and posterior portion of the interventricular septum.
    • Venous blood from the heart collects into the coronary sinus and empties into the right atrium.

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • The pulmonary circulation acts to help exchange blood to the lungs
    • The structure is designed for gas exchange (O2 and CO2).
    • Its flow is low pressure and low resistance due to parallel circulations.

    Systemic Circulation

    • The systemic circuit carries oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
    • It picks up carbon dioxide and waste products
    • Systemic circulation begins at the left ventricle as the blood is pumped through the arteries to the capillaries in tissues of the body.
    • Deoxygenated blood in tissues passes through the veins back to the right atrium of the heart.

    Aorta

    • Ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta.
    • The ascending aorta, a portion that rises from the heart, is contained in the pericardial sac.
    • The arch of the aorta arises from the superior border of the ascending aorta, and extends to the vertebral level of (T4/T5), crossing over the left main bronchus.
    • The descending aorta courses downward within the superior mediastinum.
    • The layers of the aorta wall: Intima, Media, and Adventitia.
    • The aorta and its branches, including bronchial, esophageal, pericardial and mediastinal arteries and posterior intercostal arteries, are all part of the visceral branches of the thoracic aorta.
    • The subcostal arteries, superior and inferior phrenic arteries, will be part of the parietal branches of the thoracic aorta.

    Cardiac Conduction System

    • The cardiac conduction system consists of nodes and pathways of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate and coordinate contraction
    • Conduction system consists of SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
    • The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate, contraction force, and cardiac output.
    • Right and left cardiac plexus are formed by parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the vagus and cardiac nerves, respectively.

    Cardiac Arrhythmia

    • Abnormalities in the function of the heart's conduction system cause cardiac arrhythmias.
    • Heart rhythm irregularities could impact heart rate and contraction force.

    Major Arteries of the Lower Limb

    • The arteries of the lower limbs arise from branches of the common iliac arteries, then the external and internal iliac arteries.
    • The femoral artery originates from the external iliac artery. It runs through the anterior aspect of the thigh, through the femoral triangle, and enters the adductor canal, becoming the popliteal artery.
    • The popliteal artery gives rise to the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular arteries.
    • The arteries further branch to form the plantar and dorsal arches.

    Major Veins of the Lower Limb

    • Superficial veins include the great and small saphenous veins.
    • The great saphenous vein originates from the medial margin of the foot, courses upward, and drains into the femoral vein.
    • The small saphenous vein originates from the lateral margin of the foot, passes upward, and drains into the popliteal vein.
    • Deep veins are paired and accompany the arteries.
    • The perforating veins connect the superficial and deep veins.

    Cranial Blood Supply (Internal Carotid Artery)

    • The internal carotid artery (ICA) supplies most of the anterior circulation of the brain.
    • The internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity and divides into several branches, which supply specific regions of the brain.
    • The ophthalmic arteries, posterior communicating arteries, middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries.

    Cranial Blood Supply (Vertebrobasilar Artery)

    • The vertebral arteries emerge from the subclavian arteries and ascend through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae.
    • They run through the foramen magnum, and unite to form the basilar artery.
    • The basilar artery gives off several branches. including the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries.
    • The posterior cerebral arteries arise from the posterior communicating arteries supply the occipital and temporal lobes of the brain.
    • These arteries form a complex system (Circle of Willis) allowing collateral circulation between the internal carotid and vertebral-basilar arteries to ensure the brain blood supply is maintained.

    Circle of Willis or Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circulation)

    • The collateral circulation between the two internal carotid arteries and vertebrobasilar arteries provides redundancy in case one artery or its branches becomes obstructed.
    • The components include the anterior communicating artery, two posterior communicating arteries, and anterior and posterior cerebral arteries branching from the internal carotid artery; and the basilar artery.

    Hepatic Portal System

    • The hepatic portal vein drains blood from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and stomach to the liver.
    • It carries absorbed nutrients, and toxins.
    • The portal system begins at the union of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins.
    • Blood enters the liver, circulates to sinusoids, and eventually is passed into the inferior vena cava by the hepatic veins.
    • The venous system is responsible for draining venous blood away from the intestines and taking it to the liver.
    • Anastomosis to the caval circulation occurs if the superior or inferior vena cava becomes blocked.

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