Physics(kinematics)

• Each row contains a vector and a scalar.

• Need to determine in which row the size of the vector is equal to the size of the scalar.

• The following statements are about motion:

• A plane flies due East for 600km.

• A runner's average speed in a race around a track is 5m/s.

• A snail crawls at 3mm/s in a straight line towards a lettuce.

• A tourist travels 500 km on a journey.

• Need to determine which statements describe vector quantities.

• A student measures the speed of a trolley being 1.0 m/s at one instant and 4.0 m/s two seconds later.

• Determine the acceleration of the trolley.

• A speed-time graph shows the movement of a car.

• Need to determine what the shaded area of the graph represents.

• Two men jump out of an aeroplane at the same time, one with a parachute and the other in free-fall.

• Need to determine why the man in free-fall is moving faster than the parachutist.

• The diagram shows an aeroplane turning in a horizontal circle at constant speed.

• Need to determine in which direction there is a resultant force.

• A skier is travelling downhill with an acceleration of 4m/s² on hard snow and 2m/s² on soft snow.

• Need to determine which graph shows the motion of the skier when moving from hard snow to soft snow.

• Need to determine what keeps an electron moving in a circle around the nucleus of an atom.

• A free-fall parachutist falls at a constant speed, then opens his parachute and continues to fall to Earth at a lower, constant speed.

• Determine which diagram shows how the distance fallen by the parachutist varies with time.

• The graph shows the speed of a runner during a race.

• Need to determine the distance travelled by the runner during the race.

• A car moves in a circle at constant speed.

• Need to determine the direction of the resultant force acting on the car.

• Need to determine which vehicle has an acceleration of 5 m/s².

• A car accelerates from traffic lights for 10s, stays at a steady speed for 20s, and then brakes to a stop in 3s.

• Need to determine which graph shows the journey.

• A skydiver falls from rest through the air and reaches terminal velocity.

• Determine the acceleration of the skydiver during his fall.

• A cyclist travels along a hilly road without using pedals or brakes, with negligible air resistance and friction.

• Determine at which point he reached the bottom of the first hill based on the speed/time graph.

• A speed-time graph represents the journey of a car with six different sections.

• Need to determine how many sections represent the car moving with non-uniform acceleration.

• A steel ball is released just below the surface of thick oil in a cylinder.

• Determine what is the acceleration of the ball during the first few centimetres of travel.

• A speed-time graph for a falling skydiver is shown, where the skydiver spreads out his arms and legs and then opens his parachute.

• Need to determine which part of the graph shows the skydiver falling with terminal velocity.

• The diagram shows a speed-time graph of the motion of a car for four seconds.

• Need to determine the distance travelled by the car in the four seconds.

• A particle P is moving in a horizontal circle about O at constant speed.

• Need to determine which statement is true regarding the forces acting on P.

• An object falls from rest through the air, with its velocity increasing until it reaches terminal velocity.

• Need to determine which quantity increases until its terminal velocity is reached.

• The distance travelled by a car is increasing uniformly as it is driven along a straight road up a hill.

• Determine which quantity for the car is constant but not zero.

• A student walks at a constant speed, taking 100 s to walk 160 paces, with each pace being 0.80 m.

• Determine how far the student walks in 50 s.

• A cyclist takes a ride lasting 25s, and a diagram shows how her distance travelled from the starting position varies with time.

• Determine her average speed for the whole ride.

• A car begins to move, speeds up until it reaches a constant speed, and continues at this constant speed.

• Determine what happens to the acceleration and velocity of the car during this journey.

• A graph shows how the speed of a car varies with time.

• Need to determine which statement about the acceleration of the car between 10s and 20s is correct.

• An object travels at a constant speed of 10m/s for 10s, then accelerates uniformly to 20 m/s during the next 5s.

• Determine the total distance travelled by the object.

• A lorry takes 15 minutes to travel along the path PQRS, with given distances for PQ, QR, and RS.

• Determine the average speed of the lorry.

• At time t₁, a stone is dropped from a stationary balloon and reaches terminal velocity at time t2.

• Need to determine the acceleration of the stone at times t₁ and t2.

• A car stopped at a red light starts moving with a constant acceleration when the light changes to green, as represented by a graph.

• Need to determine which quantity is plotted on the x-axis and which is plotted on the y-axis.

• The diagram shows the distance-time graph of a car travelling along a straight road up a hill.

• Need to determine which quantity for the car is constant and greater than zero.

• A car accelerates at 5.0 m/s² along a straight, horizontal road, reaching a velocity of 20 m/s in 4.0 s, with a total displacement of 40 m.

• Need to determine which quantity is a scalar.

• The diagram shows a speed-time graph for an object moving with uniform acceleration.

• Need to determine the distance traveled in the first 4.0 s.

• Need to determine which speed-time graph represents the motion of a railway train making a short stop at a station.

• The speed-time graph represents a short journey.

• Determine which distance-time graph represents the same journey.

• An object travels for 20s with a constant speed of 10m/s and then accelerates uniformly to 20 m/s for the next 10s.

• Determine the total distance travelled by the object in the 30 s.

• A skydiver is falling at terminal velocity.

• Determine which row describes the acceleration and velocity of the skydiver.

• A cyclist takes a ride lasting 250 s, and the graph shows the distance from the starting position varying with time.

• Determine his average speed for the whole journey.

• The graph shows a distance-time graph for a car travelling in a straight line.

• Need to determine in which region the car is decelerating.

• The table shows how the speeds of four bodies, A, B, C, and D, change with time.

• Determine which body has an acceleration that is not constant.

• A graph shows a short journey as a speed-time graph.

• Determine the greatest speed reached.

• A car begins to move, speeds up until it reaches a constant speed, and continues to travel at this constant speed.

• Need to determine what happens to the acceleration and the velocity of the car during the journey.

• A parachutist falling at a steady speed opens her parachute.

• Determine which row is correct for the direction of the resultant force and the direction of the acceleration just after the parachute opens.

• The speed-time graph for a car's journey is shown.

• Need to determine during which part of the journey the car is moving with non-uniform acceleration.

• The graph shows how the speed of a car varies with time.

• Need to determine which statement about the acceleration of the car between 10s and 20 s is correct.

• A speed-time graph for two runners on the same track is shown.

• Determine which statement must be correct.

• The graph shows how the speed of a car varies with time.

• Need to determine which statement about the acceleration of the car between the times 10s and 20 s is correct.

• In which descent is the acceleration equal to the acceleration of free fall g at all times?

• A woman runs 2.0 km from X to Y in 20 minutes, rests at Y for 10 minutes, then runs 1.6 km from Y to Z in 10 minutes.

• Determine the size of her average velocity for the journey from X to Z.

• A cyclist travelling in a straight line at 8.0 m/s accelerates to 12 m/s in 6.0s.

• Determine which expression gives the cyclist's acceleration.

• The diagram shows the distance-time graph for a moving object.

• Need to determine what is the moving object?

• A train sets off from a station at time t = 0, and the graph shows the distance between the train and the station varying with time.

• Need to determine which statement about the movement of the train between time t₁ and t₂ is correct.

• Two identical objects begin to fall from rest, one on Earth and one on the Moon, both from 200 m above the surface.

• There is no atmosphere on the Moon, and the weight of each object is constant. Need to determine how the motion of both objects is described.

• A skier slides down a slope, and a diagram shows how his speed varies with time.

• Determine his average acceleration during the 6.0 s.

• A piece of paper falls from 4.0m above the ground, and Fig. 1.1 shows how the height h above the ground varies with the time t.

• State what happens to the speed of the paper as it falls.

• Calculate the speed of the paper at time t = 1.5s.

• As the paper falls, energy changes from one form to another. State the main energy change between t = 1.0 s and t = 2.0s.

• When a driver sees an emergency, the car travels at a steady speed during his reaction time, named the "thinking distance". The "braking distance" is the distance traveled by the car after the brakes are applied.

• State the energy change that occurs as the car brakes.

• Given a speed-time graph of a car, with the driver seeing an emergency at t=0 and the car's mass at 800 kg. Determine:

  • the thinking distance,
  • the braking distance,
  • the deceleration of the car during braking,
  • the force provided by the brakes.

• Using ideas about friction and deceleration, note the effect of braking distance of the following:

• using new tires rather than badly worn tires,

• the car skidding on a wet road and the car carrying a heavy load of passengers.

• Fig 1.1. shows the speed-time graph of a ball being dropped at the time t=0. After t=0.20s, the ball falls at a constant speed. Explain, using ideas about forces, why the speed of the ball is constant after time t = 0.20s.

• At t = 0, a different ball is dropped from rest. Until t = 0.20s, this ball has a constant acceleration equal to the acceleration of free-fall. After t = 0.20s, its acceleration decreases.

• State the value of the acceleration of free-fall.

• Determine the speed of the second ball at t = 0.20 s.

• On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the second ball from t = 0 to t = 0.28s.

• Fig. 9.1. shows a car braking on a road and coming to rest. Explain what is meant by :

• the thinking distance

• the braking distance

• An engineer conducts a test on the car and finds that the braking distance is greater when the car is fully loaded than when it is unloaded.

• Apart from the road conditions, state what must be kept the same in the test.

• Explain why the car has a greater braking distance when fully loaded.

• State and explain how one road condition affects the braking distance of the car. Use ideas about friction in your answer.

• Explain how wider tires affect the pressure of the car on the surface of the road.

• 33The car has a total mass of 900kg and is traveling at 20m/s. At time t = 0, the driver sees an accident ahead. He applies the brakes at t = 0.60s to stop the car. After the brakes are applied, the car comes to rest in a further 4.0s.

  • Calculate the deceleration of the car as it brakes.

  • Calculate the braking force acting on the car.

  • On Fig. 9.2, draw a speed-time graph for the car as it brakes.

• State how your graph in (iii) can be used to find the total distance traveled by the car.

• A window cleaner drops a sponge from the balcony of a hotel at time t = 0. Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the motion of the sponge.

• State a value for t when the sponge is moving with a uniform speed

  • accelerating at a non-uniform rate,

• decelerating. Calculate the distance traveled by the sponge between t = 0 and t = 0.75s. fig 1.1 shows a cricket ball as it comes into contact with a cricket bat

• State the difference between speed and velocity.

• Calculate the change in velocity of the cricket ball,

• the average acceleration of the ball whilst it is in contact with the bat, the average force exerted on the ball by the bat

• Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for two cyclists A and B. They start a 500 m race together but finish the race at different times.

• (a) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine:

• the distance between A and B at time t = 20 s.

the difference in the time taken by A and B for the race.

• Cyclist C starts the race at the same time as A and B and covers the first 200 m of the race at a constant speed of 5.0m/s. He then accelerates and finishes the race at t = 60 s.
• Fig. 1.1, draw the distance-time graph for cyclist C.

Calculate the average speed of cyclist C for the whole race.

• The overall stopping distance of a cyclist is made up of two parts, as shown in Fig. 12.1:
• the distance the cyclist travels during the reaction time of the cyclist (the thinking distance)
• the distance the cyclist travels after the brakes are applied (the braking distance)

(a) State the energy change that occurs during braking.

A ball rolls in front of a cyclist at time t = 0 and the cyclist brakes and comes to rest. Fig. 12.2 shows the speed-time graph for the cyclist.

(i) Using Fig. 12.2, determine the reaction time of the cyclist.

(ii) Using Fig. 12.2, calculate the thinking distance.

(iii) State how the braking distance is found using Fig. 12.2. (iv) On another occasion, the same cyclist travels at an initial speed of 5.0m/s. A ball rolls in front of the cycle at time t = 0. The cyclist has the same reaction time and the deceleration of the cycle is the same as in Fig. 12.2. On Fig. 12.2 draw the new speed-time graph for the cyclist.

• (v) The braking distance is longer when the cyclist stops on a wet road. Explain why

Fig. 12.3 shows the hydraulic braking system of the cycle. The cyclist applies a force on the brake lever. This increases the pressure in the oil by

• 1.2 x 106 Pa. The cross-sectional area of piston R is 5.0 × 10-5 m². Calculate the force F applied by the brake lever to piston R.
• The force applied to each of the brake pads is larger than F. Explain why

FIG 1.1 shows speed-time graph for a car traveling alongside horizontal road

• On Fig. 1.1 mark and label a point where the car has a non uniform deceleration

• calculate the deceleration of the car at3*0 seconds Explain in terms of horizontal for that, act on the car, Why is Pete Constantine a 1 equals 1 second

• a. skier Sets off from rest and accelerate uniformly at three comm4 metres per second squared in his straight line for five seconds.

• calculate the speed of the skier after 5 seconds at 5 seconds, the skier stops accelerating and travels on for a father 10 seconds at a constant speed

• state the size of the resulting force acting on the sky during these 10 seconds

• on fig 1.1 sketch a speed time graph for the year and call the hole 15 seconds state how the distance traveled by the skier can be determined using the speed * time graph

A car accelerates from rest in a straight line during the first 14 seconds. The acceleration is uniform at the car reasons is be a speed of 25 m / s. a calculate the acceleration of the car. After the first 14 seconds, the speed of the car continues to increase, but the acceleration decreases to 70 to 80 seconds after start, the current moves at a constant speed of 55 m/s on Fig 1.1. Draw a possible speed time graph for the car be at a later time. The driver applies the brakes to stop to is wearing a seatbelt and slows down in his seat a bag on the seat next to him slides forwards

ACROSS THE SAT TOWARDS, THE FRONT to the girl using ideas about the, forces acting, explain why the driver slows down, but the bag slides towards.

A car approaches a set of traffic lights. The lights change to red at time t = 0. Fig. 2.1 shows how the speed of the car changes with time.

• The car starts to slow down a short time after the lights change to red.
• Determine the time between the lights changing to red and the car starting to slow down.
• State what is meant by uniform acceleration.
• State how Fig. 2.1 shows that the deceleration of the car between t = 2s and t = 7s is non-uniform.
• Determine the distance the car travels from the moment the car starts to slow down until it stops. Q13. Fig. 1.1 shows the thinking distance and the braking distance for a car being driven along a dry road and along a wet road at the same speed.
• Calculate the total stopping distance for the car on the wet road.
• The thinking distance is the distance travelled between seeing a hazard and
• Suggest why the thinking distance is the same on both roads.
• Explain why the braking distance is larger when the road is wet. Q14. Fig. 1.1 shows part of the speed-time graph for an athlete in a race.
• During the race, the acceleration of the athlete is uniform in the first 2.0 s.
• State how the graph shows that the acceleration is uniform.
• Determine the distance travelled by the athlete in the first 2.0 s.
• During the rest of the race: from 2.0s to 5.5s, the acceleration of the athlete decreases at 5.5s, the athlete reaches a maximum speed of 12m/s from 5.5s to 8.0s, the athlete travels at a speed of 12m/s from 8.0s to 11.0s, the athlete decelerates, finishing the race at a speed of 10m/s.
• On Fig. 1.1, complete the speed-time graph for times between 2.0 and 11.0s. Q15. Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for a skydiver who jumps from a balloon at time t = 0.
• The first part of the graph shows the motion of the skydiver from when he jumps until he reaches terminal velocity.
• Describe the motion of the skydiver between t = 0 and t = 20 s.
• Explain the motion of the skydiver between t = 0 and t = 20s in terms of the forces acting on him.
• Using Fig. 1.1, determine the terminal velocity of the skydiver. Q16. A small coin of mass m is initially at rest. It is dropped from a height h above ground level. The coin has a speed v as it hits the ground.
• The gravitational field strength g is equal to 10N/kg.
• State an expression for:
• the gravitational potential energy of the coin at a height h above ground level
• the kinetic energy of the coin when travelling at a speed v.
• The coin is dropped from the top of a building of height 380 m.
• Determine the speed of the coin as it hits the ground. You may ignore air resistance.

Q17. There is no atmosphere on the Moon.

• An astronaut on the Moon drops a feather and a hammer from the same height at the same time. They both accelerate downwards at 1.6m/s² and they hit the ground at the same time.
• The weight of the hammer is much larger than that of the feather.
• Explain, in terms of their weights and masses, why their accelerations are equal.
• Both the feather and the hammer take 1.5s to fall to the ground from rest.
• Calculate the speed of the objects as they hit the ground.
• On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the fall. At the correct position on the y-axis, write the value of the speed at time t = 1.5s.
• Using the speed-time graph from a previous step, determine the height from which the objects are dropped. Q18. Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graph for a journey made by a cyclist between town A and town B.
• The cyclist leaves town A at time t = 0 and arrives at town B at t = 4.0 hours. Distance between the two towns