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Questions and Answers
What is the main principle described by Newton's second law of motion?
Which of the following was the first powered flight?
What was a significant contribution of the Montgolfier brothers in aviation history?
Which force will counteract thrust in flight?
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Who were the inventors of the first hot air balloon?
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In what year did the Giffard dirigible, powered by steam, take flight?
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What does the formula $F = m a$ represent?
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Which type of aircraft did Von Zeppelin introduce in 1900?
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Who is known for the first recorded human flight in a powered aircraft?
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The Montgolfier brothers invented the first powered aircraft.
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What principle did Newton's Third Law explain in the context of rocketry?
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The first dirigible was created by __________ and __________.
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Match the following inventors with their creations:
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What is the primary force that opposes the motion of an aircraft through the air?
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Energy and power are defined as the same concept in aviation.
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In what year did the first powered flight occur?
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Study Notes
Myths & Legends
- Daedalus designed wings of feathers and wax for himself and his son Icarus.
- Icarus flew too close to the sun and the wax melted, he fell to his death.
- Alexander the Great dreamt of flying and experimented with birds' wings to understand the nature of flight.
Newton's Laws of Motion
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at a constant speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
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Applied to Rocket Lift Off:
- Before firing: The rocket is at REST
- Engine fired: Thrust is applied to the rocket
- When Thrust is greater than Weight: The rocket starts to rise
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Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
- F = ma
- F stands for Force
- m stands for Mass
- a stands for Acceleration
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Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Rocket thrust is created by ejecting hot air from the engine nozzle.
Four Forces of Flight
- Thrust: The force that propels the aircraft forward.
- Drag: The force that opposes the motion of the aircraft through the air.
- Lift: The force that holds the aircraft in the air.
- Weight: The force of gravity acting downward on the aircraft.
George Cayley
- English scientist and inventor.
- Considered the "father of aerodynamics"
- Conducted experiments on airfoils and lift production.
- Recognized the importance of lift and drag for flight.
Wright Brothers
- Designed and built the first successful heavier-than-air aircraft.
- First flight was on December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
- The flight lasted 12 seconds and covered 120 feet.
- Their aircraft was a biplane with a wingspan of 40 feet and a weight of 605 pounds.
Wright's Flyer 3
- The Wright Flyer 3 was flown in Europe in 1908 and served as a demonstration of the Wright brothers' achievement.
- It was heavily modified for stability and control.
- It featured ailerons for roll control.
- A significant improvement on the early design.
Wright Brothers Model A
- The Wright Model A Biplane was an improved and more refined aircraft compared to the Wright Flyer.
- Developed specifically for military use.
- It used rubber shock absorbers for landing.
Santos-Dumont's Demoiselle
- Designed by Alberto Santos-Dumont.
- Known for its lightness and elegance.
- One of the first practical aircraft.
- Featured a lightweight wooden frame and a 24-horsepower engine.
Glenn Curtiss June Bug
- Designed and built by Glenn Curtiss in 1908.
- First aircraft in the United States to fly for a distance of a mile.
- Important milestone in the development of the airplane.
First Aircraft to Fly in the Philippines
- The first airplane to fly in the Philippines was a Wright Model A Biplane.
- It was piloted by American aviator, John Henry "Jack" Moisant.
- It flew in Manila on February 26, 1910.
Hot Air Balloons
- Montgolfier Brothers: Jacques-Étienne and Joseph-Michel Montgolfier were the inventors of the hot air balloon.
- They experimented with hot air and used it to lift a balloon.
- Their first successful hot air balloon flight took place in June 1783.
- They used a large paper bag filled with hot air, which was generated by burning straw and wool.
Early Dirigibles
- Jean Baptiste Marie Charles Meusnier de la Place's Dirigible: Meusnier's dirigible design was one of the first detailed plans for a controllable airship. It used a gas-filled balloon for buoyancy and a propeller for propulsion.
- Bartolomeu de Gusmão's Passarola: de Gusmão was a Portuguese priest who designed and built an airship called Passarola. He claimed to have made it fly in Lisbon, but there is no concrete proof.
Giffard's Dirigible
- Henri Giffard was a French engineer
- Designed the first successful steam-powered airship.
- His airship was 140 feet long and 40 feet wide.
Von Zeppelin’s Zeppelin LZ1
- Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, a retired German military officer.
- Designed the first rigid airship, the LZ1.
- Featured a rigid aluminum frame and a gas bag.
- The LZ1 was 420 feet long and 40 feet wide.
Origin of Energy and Power
- Energy: The capacity to do work or cause change.
- Power: The rate at which energy is transferred.
- Hero's Aeolipile: An ancient steam-powered device that demonstrated the potential for using steam for power.
- Gunpowder Technology of the Chinese: Gunpowder was used to produce thrust for fireworks.
- Otto's Internal Combustion Engine: Nicolaus Otto invented the four-stroke internal combustion engine. It uses fuel and air to create explosions that drive a piston, generating power.
- Sequin Brothers Gnome Rotary Engine: The Gnome rotary engine was a lightweight and powerful engine that was used in early airplanes. The engine's cylinders are mounted on a rotating crankshaft.
4 Types of Gas Turbine Engines
- Turbojet: A simple and efficient gas turbine engine that uses a jet of hot gas to generate thrust.
- Turbofan: A gas turbine engine that uses a fan to add additional air to the jet exhaust, increasing thrust and efficiency.
- Turboprop: A gas turbine engine that uses a propeller to drive the aircraft. This is the most efficient type of gas turbine engine for aircraft.
- Turboshaft: A gas turbine engine that is designed to produce shaft power, which can then be used to drive other equipment, like helicopters.
Ancient Aviation Myths & Legends
- Daedalus: Greek myth, craftsman who created wings for himself and his son, Icarus, made of feathers and wax
- Icarus: Flew too close to the sun, wax melted, fell to his death
- Alexander the Great: Legend says he dreamed of birds and wanted to fly
Newton's Laws of Motion in Aviation
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Newton's First Law: Object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force
- Before firing: Rocket remains stationary on the launchpad
- Engine fired: Rocket produces thrust, pushing it downwards
- Thrust greater than weight: Rocket lifts off
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Newton's Second Law: Force = mass x acceleration
- F: Force (thrust)
- m: Mass (of the aircraft)
- a: Acceleration
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Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
- Rocket engine thrust: Hot gas expelled downwards, pushes rocket upwards
Four Forces of Flight
- Thrust: Forward force generated by the engines
- Drag: Resistance from air, opposing the motion of the aircraft
- Lift: Upward force generated by the wings
- Weight: Downward force from gravity, acting on the aircraft
Early Aviation Pioneers
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George Cayley: English inventor, known as "The Father of Aeronautics"
- Designed gliders
- Defined the four forces of flight
- Proposed a fixed wing aircraft with a propeller in 1843
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Wright Brothers: First successful heavier-than-air flight in 1903
- Flown at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, US
- Used a biplane with a controlled wing design
- Flight lasted 12 seconds and covered 120 feet
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Santos-Dumont: Brazilian inventor and aviator
- Developed the Demoiselle (14-bis) in 1907
- Short, light aircraft with a single wing (monoplane)
- Famous for public flights in Paris
Early Aviation and Models
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Wright Flyer 3: First successful aircraft demonstrated in Europe (1908)
- Improved design for longer flights
- More stable flight for longer distances
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Wright Brothers Model A Biplane: Improved version of their first aircraft (1908)
- Larger wings
- More powerful engine (for longer flights)
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Glenn Curtiss June Bug: American aircraft (1908)
- First to successfully fly a mile in a controlled flight
Hot Air Balloon & Airship Origins
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Montgolfier Brothers: First successful hot air balloon flight in 1782
- French brothers, used hot air to lift the balloon
- Filled with hot air, smoke from a fire
- First flight near their hometown of Annonay, France
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Jean Baptiste Marie Charles Meusnier de La Place: French military officer and inventor
- Developed a dirigible design (1784)
- Concept for a "dirigible" - steerable balloon, filled with hydrogen
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Bartolomeu de Gusmão: Portuguese inventor
- Designed a "Passarola" (1784)
- Early attempt at a hot air balloon
- Design based on hot air rising (similar to a modern hot air balloon)
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Henrí Giffard: French inventor and engineer
- Developed the first steam-powered airship (1852)
- Successfully piloted
- Powered by 3 horsepower steam engine, fueled by wood
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Santos-Dumont: Known for the Demoiselle aircraft, also designed and flew early airships (1903)
- Experimenting with the "14-bis"
- Early efforts to develop controlled lighter-than-air engines
Zeppelin Airships
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Ferdinand von Zeppelin: German inventor and engineer
- Developed the first rigid airship, LZ1 (1900)
- Composed of a metal framework and a cigar-shaped hull
- Could be steered, but struggled with engine reliability
Origins of Energy and Power
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Energy: Capacity to do work, used to power flight
- Can be stored or transferred
- Comes in various forms, e.g. chemical energy, mechanical energy...
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Power: Rate at which energy is used or transferred
- Key for aircraft propulsion
- Measured in watts or horsepower
Engine Developments
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Hero's Aeolipile: 100 BCE, early steam-powered turbine device
- Not used for flight, but demonstrates steam's power potential
- Gunpowder Technology: Used by the Chinese for weapons, led to early rocketry in the 11th century
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Otto's Internal Combustion Engine: 1876, revolutionized engines
- Used fuel and air to create power (four-stroke cycle)
- Revolutionized land transportation
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Séquin Brothers' Gnome Rotary Engine: 1906, key for early aircraft
- Lighter and more powerful than previous engines
- Used in the Wright Flyer 3 and other early aircraft
Gas Turbine Engines
- Four types: turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turboshaft
- Turbojet: Powerful thrust for high speeds
- Turbofan: Efficient, used in most passenger airliners
- Turboprop: Combines jet and propeller for efficient long-range flight
- Turboshaft: Focuses on shaft power, used in helicopters
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Description
Explore the fascinating intersection of mythology and physics in this quiz. Delve into the story of Icarus and the myth of Daedalus, while also testing your understanding of Newton's Laws of Motion. This quiz combines narratives of flight with scientific principles.
