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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes an embolus?
What is the most common source of emboli leading to pulmonary embolism?
Which statement accurately depicts the relationship between emboli origin and outcome?
What is the term for a thrombus that has broken loose and is moving with blood flow?
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In a typical acute myocardial infarct, when is leukocytic infiltration most prominent?
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What is the final common pathway for several lethal clinical events described as?
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How many liters of blood does a healthy 70 kg adult male's body typically contain?
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Which type of cells can cause pulmonary embolism?
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What is the primary source of systemic arterial emboli according to the text?
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What is the usual consequence of emboli that originate from the left heart or major arteries?
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Where does tissue infarction commonly occur?
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What is the primary cause of infarcts according to the text?
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Which factor can influence the outcome of an infarction?
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Embolism, infarction, and shock are three common respiratory disorders discussed in the text.
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Most emboli originate from dislodged thrombus, which is why the term thromboembolism is used.
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Gas bubbles are a common source of emboli according to the text.
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Myocardial infarct can be recognized approximately 2 hours after coronary artery occlusion.
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Leukocytic infiltration is most prominent 2 to 4 days after the occlusion of a coronary artery.
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Cardiogenic shock results from low cardiac output due to heart failure.
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Septic shock results from vasodilatation and peripheral pooling of blood due to a systemic immune reaction to viral infection.
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Embolism is always small and clinically silent.
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Systemic arterial emboli originate mainly from the lower extremities.
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Tissue infarction can only be caused by thrombotic events.
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All infarcts result from arterial occlusion.
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Atrial thrombus can lead to infarction or gangrene in the brain.
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Emboli can cause sudden death and right heart failure.
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Pulmonary embolism usually results from a blockage in a large vessel.
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Infarction happens due to venous drainage occlusion.
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Slow occlusion is preferred as it allows time for alternative perfusion pathways.
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Embolism can only arise from lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.
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The evolution of myocardial infarct shows visible inflammation within hours.
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Emboli that originate from major arteries typically result in hemorrhagic infarction.
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Study Notes
- A myocardial infarct, or heart attack, can be recognized approximately 2 hours after coronary artery occlusion during an autopsy.
- In a typical acute myocardial infarct, leukocytic infiltration is most prominent 2 to 4 days after the occlusion of a coronary artery.
- Shock is a common, life-threatening condition described as inadequate tissue perfusion. It can result from cardiogenic, hypovolemic, or septic causes.
- Cardiogenic shock is caused by low cardiac output due to heart failure.
- Hypovolemic shock is caused by reduced blood or plasma volume leading to low cardiac output.
- Septic shock is caused by vasodilatation and peripheral pooling of blood as part of a systemic immune reaction to bacterial or fungal infection.
- An embolus is a mass of material in the vascular system that can block a vessel and cause embolism. Common sources include dislodged thrombus, infected lesions, gas bubbles, fat or bone marrow, tumor cells, and others.
- Pulmonary embolism is the blockage of a pulmonary artery by an embolus, most commonly from a deep vein thrombosis. Symptoms include sudden death, right heart failure, cardiovascular collapse, pulmonary haemorrhage, and pulmonary hypertension.
- Systemic arterial emboli originate in the arterial circulation and can travel to various sites depending on the source and downstream blood flow. They cause tissue infarction.
- An infarct is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial supply or venous drainage in a particular tissue. Nearly all infarcts result from thrombotic or embolic events.
- Infacted tissue appears differently depending on the time after infarction. Normal appearance within 24 hours, pallor and inflammation days to weeks, macrophage infiltration and fibrosis months to years, and fibrous scar in the long term.
- Major factors influencing the outcome of an infarction include the nature of the vascular supply, availability of alternative blood supply, rate of occlusion development, vulnerability to hypoxia, oxygen content of the blood, and the evolution of the myocardial infarct.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the recognition and progression of myocardial infarction through a case study and discussion. Determine the truth and falsehood about leukocytic infiltration timing and common pathways for lethal events in heart infarction.
