Myeloproliferative Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which cells are predominantly involved in the late inflammatory response?

Neutrophils

Monocytes (correct)

Eosinophils

Basophils

Which cellular products are responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells?

Interferons

Chemokines

Interleukins (correct)

Tumor necrosis factor

Which cells secrete interferons that protect against viral infections?

Basophils

Monocytes (correct)

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Which leukocytes are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemokines?

Monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which granulocyte is most numerous and functions as a phagocyte in early inflammation?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immunoglobulin produced by B cells in response to an initial exposure to a specific antigen?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

In the secondary immune response, B cells produce larger amounts of which immunoglobulin?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

During the primary immune response, what type of B-cell differentiation occurs first?

Plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunoglobulin is produced against a specific antigen on the first exposure, marking the prime of the immune system?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

In the secondary immune response, which type of B-cell contributes to the rapid and amplified production of antibodies?

Memory B cells Signup and view all the answers

Where does the development, production, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells primarily occur?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity?

Humoral immunity mediated by circulating antibodies Signup and view all the answers

When do B and T cells become naive until they encounter the first antigen on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

During clonal selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of B cell maturation?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cellular mediator involved in inflammation and also plays an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in body secretions like breast milk and defends against pathogens on body surfaces such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is attached to mucosal epithelial cells to protect it from being damaged?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen and is the largest in size?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin is a mediator of common allergic responses and causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

Which leukemia type is characterized by CNS involvement with B cell phenotype?

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukemia is most common in children under 15 and is very responsive to therapy?

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Signup and view all the answers

Which leukemia type has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia?

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukemia is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes that are morphologically mature but functionally defective?

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukemia is associated with Philadelphia chromosome syndrome, leading to shorter survival and resistance to treatment?

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of B cells in the immune system?

Production of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B cells in acquired immunity?

Differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the clonal diversity of B cells?

Each B cell expresses a unique antibody on its surface Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is primarily associated with B cells in the adaptive immune response?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

What happens to B cells upon encountering specific antigens?

They differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

Create antibodies in response to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What are exotoxins?

Enzymes released during the growth of bacteria Signup and view all the answers

How do B cells become resistant to antibodies created in the body?

When their surface molecules are altered to express different antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the final phase of HIV?

When sufficient numbers of CD4 cells are destroyed and new CD4 cell production can't match destruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of killer T cells (CD8) in HIV infection?

Attack and kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is IgE mediated?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

Produce antibodies in response to antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of viral infection's life cycle?

Attachment and penetration into host cell by endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What happens when B cells are altered to express different antigens?

They become resistant to antibodies created in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue factor in the coagulation cascade?

Activates the extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of the coagulation cascade is activated by damage inside the blood vessel?

Intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Changes fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor changes prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Prothrombin activator Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for preventing spontaneous clot formation in normal blood vessels?

Endothelium function Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is responsible for carrying factor VIII into circulation and is required during the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency leads to impaired function/activity of protein S and increased risk of venous thrombosis?

Protein S Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation causes factor V to be unable to be inactivated by protein C?

Factor V Leiden Signup and view all the answers

What disease is characterized by a decrease or absence of vWF, leading to a decrease in the ability for platelets to bind to the vessel wall?

Von Willebrand's disease Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule acts as a bridging molecule (anchor) at sites of vascular injury for normal platelet adhesion?

Von Willebrand factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Converting fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

Antibodies that block activity of ADAMTS13 enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic laboratory finding in essential thrombocythemia (ET)?

Increased platelet count Signup and view all the answers

In which condition do IgG antibodies target platelet glycoproteins, leading to their sequestration and removal from circulation?

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary manifestation of thrombotic microangiopathy?

Renal dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in the coagulation cascade?

Activates clotting factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of thromboxane in the coagulation cascade?

Activates other platelets to become sticky Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fibrin stabilization factor in the coagulation cascade?

Forms meshwork and strengthens clot Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of platelets?

8-10 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycoproteins on the surface of platelets in the coagulation cascade?

Promote adherence to injured endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What activates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which factor changes fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade?

Thrombin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of von Willebrand factor in the coagulation cascade?

Stabilizes factor VIII Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is involved in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Factor X Signup and view all the answers

What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

Tissue factor Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Endothelial damage and increased protease activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Massive trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of widespread thromboses in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Tissue ischemia and infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory test is used to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia?

Hemoglobin electrophoresis Signup and view all the answers

In sickle cell anemia, what happens when hemoglobin S (HgbS) is exposed to acidosis or oxidative stress?

The RBCs undergo sickling Signup and view all the answers

What happens when prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily responsible for preventing spontaneous clot formation in normal blood vessels?

Antithrombin III Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tissue factor in the coagulation cascade?

Activation of factor VII Signup and view all the answers

Which factor changes prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Factor X Signup and view all the answers

What cellular products are responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells?

Interleukins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process is primarily associated with B cells in the adaptive immune response?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular mediator involved in inflammation also plays an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses?

Complement proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections?

IgG Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity?

Antibody production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Inflammation and Immune Response

Macrophages and dendritic cells are predominantly involved in the late inflammatory response.
Cytokines are cellular products responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells.
Natural killer cells secrete interferons that protect against viral infections.
Neutrophils are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemokines.
Neutrophils are the most numerous granulocyte and function as a phagocyte in early inflammation.

B Cells and Antibodies

The primary immunoglobulin produced by B cells in response to an initial exposure to a specific antigen is IgM.
In the secondary immune response, B cells produce larger amounts of IgG.
During the primary immune response, antigen-independent B-cell differentiation occurs first.
IgM is produced against a specific antigen on the first exposure, marking the prime of the immune system.
In the secondary immune response, memory B cells contribute to the rapid and amplified production of antibodies.
The development, production, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells primarily occur in the bone marrow.
The primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity is to produce antibodies against pathogens.

Immune Response

B and T cells are naive until they encounter the first antigen on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC).
The site of B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
Cytokines are cellular mediators involved in inflammation and also play an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses.

Immunoglobulins

IgA is primarily found in body secretions like breast milk and defends against pathogens on body surfaces such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
IgA is attached to mucosal epithelial cells to protect it from being damaged.
IgG is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections.
IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen and is the largest in size.
IgE is a mediator of common allergic responses and causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is characterized by CNS involvement with B cell phenotype and is most common in children under 15, being very responsive to therapy.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes that are morphologically mature but functionally defective.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is associated with Philadelphia chromosome syndrome, leading to shorter survival and resistance to treatment.

Coagulation Cascade

Tissue factor is involved in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
Thrombin is primarily responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade.
Calcium is necessary for the coagulation cascade.
Thromboxane is involved in platelet aggregation.
Fibrin stabilization factor is necessary for the formation of a stable blood clot.
Von Willebrand factor is involved in platelet adhesion.
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by factor Xa in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade.

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Test your knowledge of myeloproliferative disorders such as Polycythemia vera, including symptoms, complications, and related mutations.