Myeloproliferative Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which cells are predominantly involved in the late inflammatory response?

  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes (correct)
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

    • Which cellular products are responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells?

  • Interferons
  • Chemokines
  • Interleukins (correct)
  • Tumor necrosis factor

    • Which cells secrete interferons that protect against viral infections?

  • Basophils
  • Monocytes (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils

    • Which leukocytes are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemokines?

    <p>Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which granulocyte is most numerous and functions as a phagocyte in early inflammation?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immunoglobulin produced by B cells in response to an initial exposure to a specific antigen?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the secondary immune response, B cells produce larger amounts of which immunoglobulin?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the primary immune response, what type of B-cell differentiation occurs first?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunoglobulin is produced against a specific antigen on the first exposure, marking the prime of the immune system?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the secondary immune response, which type of B-cell contributes to the rapid and amplified production of antibodies?

    <p>Memory B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the development, production, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells primarily occur?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity mediated by circulating antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do B and T cells become naive until they encounter the first antigen on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

    <p>During clonal selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of B cell maturation?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cellular mediator involved in inflammation and also plays an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily found in body secretions like breast milk and defends against pathogens on body surfaces such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is attached to mucosal epithelial cells to protect it from being damaged?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen and is the largest in size?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is a mediator of common allergic responses and causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukemia type is characterized by CNS involvement with B cell phenotype?

    <p>Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia is most common in children under 15 and is very responsive to therapy?

    <p>Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukemia type has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia?

    <p>Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes that are morphologically mature but functionally defective?

    <p>Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leukemia is associated with Philadelphia chromosome syndrome, leading to shorter survival and resistance to treatment?

    <p>Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of B cells in acquired immunity?

    <p>Differentiating into plasma cells to produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the clonal diversity of B cells?

    <p>Each B cell expresses a unique antibody on its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is primarily associated with B cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B cells upon encountering specific antigens?

    <p>They differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Create antibodies in response to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are exotoxins?

    <p>Enzymes released during the growth of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B cells become resistant to antibodies created in the body?

    <p>When their surface molecules are altered to express different antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final phase of HIV?

    <p>When sufficient numbers of CD4 cells are destroyed and new CD4 cell production can't match destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of killer T cells (CD8) in HIV infection?

    <p>Attack and kill infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is IgE mediated?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Produce antibodies in response to antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of viral infection's life cycle?

    <p>Attachment and penetration into host cell by endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when B cells are altered to express different antigens?

    <p>They become resistant to antibodies created in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tissue factor in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Activates the extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of the coagulation cascade is activated by damage inside the blood vessel?

    <p>Intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Changes fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor changes prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Prothrombin activator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for preventing spontaneous clot formation in normal blood vessels?

    <p>Endothelium function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is responsible for carrying factor VIII into circulation and is required during the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Von Willebrand factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What deficiency leads to impaired function/activity of protein S and increased risk of venous thrombosis?

    <p>Protein S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation causes factor V to be unable to be inactivated by protein C?

    <p>Factor V Leiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is characterized by a decrease or absence of vWF, leading to a decrease in the ability for platelets to bind to the vessel wall?

    <p>Von Willebrand's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as a bridging molecule (anchor) at sites of vascular injury for normal platelet adhesion?

    <p>Von Willebrand factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Converting fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)?

    <p>Antibodies that block activity of ADAMTS13 enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic laboratory finding in essential thrombocythemia (ET)?

    <p>Increased platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition do IgG antibodies target platelet glycoproteins, leading to their sequestration and removal from circulation?

    <p>Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of thrombotic microangiopathy?

    <p>Renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Activates clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thromboxane in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Activates other platelets to become sticky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibrin stabilization factor in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Forms meshwork and strengthens clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of platelets?

    <p>8-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycoproteins on the surface of platelets in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Promote adherence to injured endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor changes fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of von Willebrand factor in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Stabilizes factor VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is involved in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Factor X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Tissue factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Endothelial damage and increased protease activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Massive trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of widespread thromboses in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

    <p>Tissue ischemia and infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is used to confirm the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Hemoglobin electrophoresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sickle cell anemia, what happens when hemoglobin S (HgbS) is exposed to acidosis or oxidative stress?

    <p>The RBCs undergo sickling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is primarily responsible for preventing spontaneous clot formation in normal blood vessels?

    <p>Antithrombin III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tissue factor in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Activation of factor VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor changes prothrombin to thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Factor X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cellular products are responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells?

    <p>Interleukins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is primarily associated with B cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular mediator involved in inflammation also plays an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses?

    <p>Complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation and Immune Response

    • Macrophages and dendritic cells are predominantly involved in the late inflammatory response.
    • Cytokines are cellular products responsible for regulating innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells.
    • Natural killer cells secrete interferons that protect against viral infections.
    • Neutrophils are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemokines.
    • Neutrophils are the most numerous granulocyte and function as a phagocyte in early inflammation.

    B Cells and Antibodies

    • The primary immunoglobulin produced by B cells in response to an initial exposure to a specific antigen is IgM.
    • In the secondary immune response, B cells produce larger amounts of IgG.
    • During the primary immune response, antigen-independent B-cell differentiation occurs first.
    • IgM is produced against a specific antigen on the first exposure, marking the prime of the immune system.
    • In the secondary immune response, memory B cells contribute to the rapid and amplified production of antibodies.
    • The development, production, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells primarily occur in the bone marrow.
    • The primary responsibility of B cells in adaptive immunity is to produce antibodies against pathogens.

    Immune Response

    • B and T cells are naive until they encounter the first antigen on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC).
    • The site of B cell maturation is the bone marrow.
    • Cytokines are cellular mediators involved in inflammation and also play an important role in activating the innate and adaptive immune responses.

    Immunoglobulins

    • IgA is primarily found in body secretions like breast milk and defends against pathogens on body surfaces such as respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
    • IgA is attached to mucosal epithelial cells to protect it from being damaged.
    • IgG is the primary antibody in immune response and has the most protective activity against infections.
    • IgM is the first antibody produced during the primary response to an antigen and is the largest in size.
    • IgE is a mediator of common allergic responses and causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

    Leukemia

    • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is characterized by CNS involvement with B cell phenotype and is most common in children under 15, being very responsive to therapy.
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) has a chronic course for years until transforming to acute leukemia.
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes that are morphologically mature but functionally defective.
    • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is associated with Philadelphia chromosome syndrome, leading to shorter survival and resistance to treatment.

    Coagulation Cascade

    • Tissue factor is involved in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade.
    • Thrombin is primarily responsible for converting fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade.
    • Calcium is necessary for the coagulation cascade.
    • Thromboxane is involved in platelet aggregation.
    • Fibrin stabilization factor is necessary for the formation of a stable blood clot.
    • Von Willebrand factor is involved in platelet adhesion.
    • Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by factor Xa in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade.

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