Untitled Quiz

A type of cataract where the opacities (cloudiness) begin in the outer layer (cortex) of the lens, usually appearing as grayish/white opacities.

A type of cataract where the opacities start in the central part (nucleus) of the lens. The lens changes color, progressing from light yellow to dark brown.

Cataracts develop gradually, and their severity impacts vision loss with variable outcomes.

Early cortical cataracts might only result in a minor reduction (like 20/30). More advanced stages lead to reduced VA of 20/30, 20/40, or worse, down to counting fingers

Early nuclear cataracts show minor differences. Increased progression causes more reduced VA (like 20/25-20/40).

A system for grading cataract severity using 1-4 grades. The grades correlate roughly with estimated visual loss. As grading moves to more 'severe' levels, the visual acuity loss progressively becomes more significant.

Factors that influence cataract formation, including UV exposure, smoking, nutrition, illnesses like Crohn's disease, and alcohol.

The current surgical method for cataract removal, involving ultrasonic vibration to break down the cataract.

A cataract surgery method that removes the lens contents while leaving the posterior capsule intact.

Cataract surgery where the entire lens, including the capsule, is removed. Used for mature cataracts and in children.

A cataract that develops in the back part of the lens, causing severe glare.

A cataract caused by trauma or injury to the eye

Small, pinpoint white or pigmented spots in the lens.

A ring of iris pigment found in the anterior capsule of the lens, often caused by trauma.

Cataracts that develop over time due to various causes.

Cataracts caused by exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, UV-C) or other forms of radiation (infrared).

Seven factors (axial length, keratometry, lens thickness, and patient’s age) are used in the IOL formula.

Necessary procedure before cataract surgery

Povidone-Iodine 5% solution is used to disinfect the eye before surgery.

Instilled 2 days before surgery, every 6 hours (or 24 hours before in some cases).

Pupil is dilated for surgery; avoid certain drops for hypertension.

Phenylephrine 10% can raise blood pressure; use 2.5% with multiple drops for hypertensives

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drops (NSAIDs) to prevent pupil closure during surgery.

Glaucoma medications can be continued the day of cataract surgery.

Local anesthesia is used in most cataract surgeries, except for young children.

Lignocaine/Xylocaine (2%), Bupivacaine (0.75%) are common anesthetic agents for cataract surgery.

Silicone material offers faster healing time, eliminates the need for sutures and reduces the risk of re-operation.

Although silicone offers advantages, it increases the risk of nucleus drop during the procedure, potentially damaging the lens capsule.

A femtosecond laser replaces blades and needles in certain procedures, providing precise incisions for the cornea, creating a capsulotomy, and fragmenting the lens nucleus.

Foldable acrylic IOLs are less prone to developing posterior capsular opacification (PCO), also known as secondary cataract.

Monofocal IOLs focus only on one focal point, correcting distance vision and leftover refractive error.

Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, a common eye condition that causes blurry vision.

Multifocal IOLs have multiple focal points, while accommodative IOLs mimic the natural bending of the lens for near vision.

Multifocal IOLs can cause glare and distortion since the patient's eyes are trying to focus on different focal points.

EDOF IOLs, or Extended Depth of Focus IOLs, are designed for better far and intermediate vision compared to multifocal IOLs.

Accommodative IOLs lack natural bending, resulting in poor near vision and the need for glasses.

Epithelial cells grow over the corneal endothelium, forming a membrane. This can cause serious complications like corneal damage, increased IOP, and angle closure.

Blood fills the anterior chamber, damaging the corneal endothelium and increasing IOP. This can lead to secondary open-angle glaucoma.

Avoid aspirin and NSAIDs. Treat with head inclination, steroids, IOP control, anterior chamber irrigation, and antifibrinolytic agents (e.g., aminocaproic acid).

Clouding of the lens capsule after cataract surgery. This can occur many months or years after the procedure.

A rare but serious infection occurring after cataract surgery. It typically manifests 6 weeks or later, suggesting a fungal infection.