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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a type of disease caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi?
Which of the following is NOT a type of disease caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi?
What is the main source of mycotoxicosis according to the text?
What is the main source of mycotoxicosis according to the text?
Which of the following fungi is NOT mentioned as a significant cause of allergy symptoms in humans?
Which of the following fungi is NOT mentioned as a significant cause of allergy symptoms in humans?
Why is the size of fungal spores relevant to their allergenicity?
Why is the size of fungal spores relevant to their allergenicity?
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What is a characteristic of fungal spores that can cause allergy symptoms in humans?
What is a characteristic of fungal spores that can cause allergy symptoms in humans?
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Which of the following is true about inhaled allergens according to the text?
Which of the following is true about inhaled allergens according to the text?
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What is the main concern regarding allergic diseases in developed countries?
What is the main concern regarding allergic diseases in developed countries?
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Which mycotoxin is associated with carcinogenic activity?
Which mycotoxin is associated with carcinogenic activity?
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What is the potential action of mycotoxin 'sterigmatocystin'?
What is the potential action of mycotoxin 'sterigmatocystin'?
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Which genus is responsible for producing mycotoxin 'alternariol'?
Which genus is responsible for producing mycotoxin 'alternariol'?
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What type of poisoning is caused by consumption of fungal toxins according to the text?
What type of poisoning is caused by consumption of fungal toxins according to the text?
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Which mycotoxin weakens the immune system?
Which mycotoxin weakens the immune system?
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What is the method of reproduction for Candida albicans?
What is the method of reproduction for Candida albicans?
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Which mycotoxin is associated with embryotoxic and teratogenic effects?
Which mycotoxin is associated with embryotoxic and teratogenic effects?
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Which phylum does Candida albicans belong to?
Which phylum does Candida albicans belong to?
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Which fungal genus is responsible for causing toxic dietary leukaemia?
Which fungal genus is responsible for causing toxic dietary leukaemia?
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What is the most common symptom of Candida albicans infection in AIDS patients?
What is the most common symptom of Candida albicans infection in AIDS patients?
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Which mycotoxin is not listed in the text as having carcinogenic potential?
Which mycotoxin is not listed in the text as having carcinogenic potential?
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What type of spores are present in Candida albicans?
What type of spores are present in Candida albicans?
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Which characteristic is typical of Candida tropicalis colonies?
Which characteristic is typical of Candida tropicalis colonies?
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What distinguishes Candida tropicalis budding cells?
What distinguishes Candida tropicalis budding cells?
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Which type of structure is abundant in Candida tropicalis?
Which type of structure is abundant in Candida tropicalis?
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In the presence of serum, what do germinating blastospores from Candida albicans form?
In the presence of serum, what do germinating blastospores from Candida albicans form?
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What is a symptom of poisoning associated with Digitalis purpurea?
What is a symptom of poisoning associated with Digitalis purpurea?
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Which cardiac glycoside is primarily found in Digitalis purpurea?
Which cardiac glycoside is primarily found in Digitalis purpurea?
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What action do lanatosides A, B, C, D, and E exhibit in Digitalis lanata?
What action do lanatosides A, B, C, D, and E exhibit in Digitalis lanata?
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What is a common application of cardiac glycosides in medicine?
What is a common application of cardiac glycosides in medicine?
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What is a symptom of poisoning related to Digitalis lanata?
What is a symptom of poisoning related to Digitalis lanata?
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What is the main reason for death due to poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?
What is the main reason for death due to poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?
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What characterizes the absorption of digitoxin from the gastrointestinal tract?
What characterizes the absorption of digitoxin from the gastrointestinal tract?
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Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that show - Chronotropic and dromotropic action?
Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that show - Chronotropic and dromotropic action?
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What is the primary cause of endemic Balkan nephropathy?
What is the primary cause of endemic Balkan nephropathy?
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How are mycotoxins mainly accumulated in food products?
How are mycotoxins mainly accumulated in food products?
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What can be a consequence of consuming mycotoxins with food?
What can be a consequence of consuming mycotoxins with food?
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Which type of fungi is responsible for producing aflatoxins?
Which type of fungi is responsible for producing aflatoxins?
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What are the possible health effects of volatile compounds produced by indoor fungi?
What are the possible health effects of volatile compounds produced by indoor fungi?
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How do mycotoxins present in fodder affect livestock production?
How do mycotoxins present in fodder affect livestock production?
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What is the main source of mycotoxins for humans according to Grajewski 2006?
What is the main source of mycotoxins for humans according to Grajewski 2006?
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What are post-harvest diseases related to in relation to mycotoxin accumulation?
What are post-harvest diseases related to in relation to mycotoxin accumulation?
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What are common symptoms of poisoning listed in the text?
What are common symptoms of poisoning listed in the text?
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Which treatment method is recommended as part of the first aid for poisoning according to the text?
Which treatment method is recommended as part of the first aid for poisoning according to the text?
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Which toxic compound classification is associated with damage to parenchymal organs such as the liver and kidneys?
Which toxic compound classification is associated with damage to parenchymal organs such as the liver and kidneys?
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Which mushroom species is NOT mentioned as being known for causing food poisoning?
Which mushroom species is NOT mentioned as being known for causing food poisoning?
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What is the recommended action in case of suspected poisoning with cup mushrooms picked from the environment?
What is the recommended action in case of suspected poisoning with cup mushrooms picked from the environment?
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Which symptoms are common in poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?
Which symptoms are common in poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?
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What is the primary glycoside found in Digitalis purpurea known for?
What is the primary glycoside found in Digitalis purpurea known for?
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Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that exhibit negative chronotropic action?
Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that exhibit negative chronotropic action?
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What is the main application of cardiac glycosides mentioned in the text?
What is the main application of cardiac glycosides mentioned in the text?
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What symptoms can be associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?
What symptoms can be associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?
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What are some symptoms of poisoning after administration of belladonna fruit?
What are some symptoms of poisoning after administration of belladonna fruit?
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What is the purpose of using atropine in medicine?
What is the purpose of using atropine in medicine?
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Which alkaloid found in Datura stramonium paralyzes the central nervous system?
Which alkaloid found in Datura stramonium paralyzes the central nervous system?
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What effect does atropine have on the pupils in ophthalmology?
What effect does atropine have on the pupils in ophthalmology?
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Which symptom is associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?
Which symptom is associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?
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What are the early symptoms of poisoning by Rusula emetica?
What are the early symptoms of poisoning by Rusula emetica?
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Which continent has recorded cases of poisoning by Rusula emetica apart from Europe?
Which continent has recorded cases of poisoning by Rusula emetica apart from Europe?
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What color is the cap of Rusula emetica described as in the text?
What color is the cap of Rusula emetica described as in the text?
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What is the most common result of mushroom exposure according to the National Poison Data System in the United States?
What is the most common result of mushroom exposure according to the National Poison Data System in the United States?
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Who is most at risk of fatal poisoning by Rusula emetica?
Who is most at risk of fatal poisoning by Rusula emetica?
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What are the main symptoms of a toxic reaction to Aculeata stings, according to the text?
What are the main symptoms of a toxic reaction to Aculeata stings, according to the text?
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Which type of reaction occurs in not allergic people after an Aculeata sting?
Which type of reaction occurs in not allergic people after an Aculeata sting?
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What distinguishes an extensive local reaction from a generalized reaction to Hymenoptera stings?
What distinguishes an extensive local reaction from a generalized reaction to Hymenoptera stings?
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Which condition involves immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity after a Hymenoptera sting?
Which condition involves immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity after a Hymenoptera sting?
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What is the primary symptom of a normal reaction to Aculeata stings in non-allergic individuals?
What is the primary symptom of a normal reaction to Aculeata stings in non-allergic individuals?
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What are two characteristic painful points visible on the skin after a viper bite?
What are two characteristic painful points visible on the skin after a viper bite?
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Which component of viper venom causes lysis of erythrocytes, leading to anemia and jaundice?
Which component of viper venom causes lysis of erythrocytes, leading to anemia and jaundice?
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What is a common systemic symptom that may appear after a viper bite?
What is a common systemic symptom that may appear after a viper bite?
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What is the first aid recommendation for a viper bite regarding limb immobilization?
What is the first aid recommendation for a viper bite regarding limb immobilization?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with viper bite poisoning?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with viper bite poisoning?
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Which species of the Coprinus genus can cause symptoms of poisoning after consuming alcohol?
Which species of the Coprinus genus can cause symptoms of poisoning after consuming alcohol?
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Which species from the Amanita genus is known for causing CNS depression and hallucinations?
Which species from the Amanita genus is known for causing CNS depression and hallucinations?
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Which toxic agent is responsible for the gastroenterotoxic action in mushrooms like Paxillus involutus and Entoloma sinuatum?
Which toxic agent is responsible for the gastroenterotoxic action in mushrooms like Paxillus involutus and Entoloma sinuatum?
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Which toxin class leads to hallucinogenic effects when consumed from species like Panaeolus and Stropharia?
Which toxin class leads to hallucinogenic effects when consumed from species like Panaeolus and Stropharia?
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Which mushroom species is NOT known for causing gastroenterotoxic effects?
Which mushroom species is NOT known for causing gastroenterotoxic effects?
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Which toxic agent leads to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system in specific mushroom species?
Which toxic agent leads to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system in specific mushroom species?
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Which mushroom genus contains species that exhibit central atropin-like actions causing CNS depression?
Which mushroom genus contains species that exhibit central atropin-like actions causing CNS depression?
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Among the listed mushrooms, which genus is NOT associated with hallucinogenic effects?
Among the listed mushrooms, which genus is NOT associated with hallucinogenic effects?
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Which Amanita species is known as 'Satan's bolete' and can cause poisoning symptoms post-alcohol consumption?
Which Amanita species is known as 'Satan's bolete' and can cause poisoning symptoms post-alcohol consumption?
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Study Notes
Mycoses
- Mycoses are diseases caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi, affecting plants, animals, and humans.
- Mycotoxicosis is an acute or chronic toxicological syndrome caused by consuming fungal toxins, which can be found in:
- Microscopic fungi, usually moulds, contaminating food.
- Alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea sclerotium (ergot), causing human ergotism.
- Consumed fruiting bodies of poisonous mushrooms.
Fungal Allergies
- Allergic diseases are a growing medical problem, affecting approximately 30% of people.
- Fungal spores are a significant source of inhaled allergens, ranking third in frequency after grass pollens and dust allergens.
- Over 80 genera of fungi can cause allergy symptoms in humans, with the most important ones being:
- Alternaria
- Aspergillus
- Cladosporium
- Mucor
- Penicillium
- Rhizopus
Mycotoxins
- Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi, showing:
- Carcinogenic, cytotoxic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic activity.
- Effects on the human body, including:
- Weakening of the immune system
- Carcinogenicity
- Mutagenicity
- Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity
- Examples of mycotoxicoses in humans:
- Ergot poisoning (ergotism)
- Yellow rice disease
- Toxic dietary leukemia
- Endemic Balkan nephropathy
- Liver cancer
Food Contamination
- Mycotoxins can accumulate in food products, posing a threat to human and animal health.
- Fungal metabolites in fodder can adversely affect livestock production.
- Indoor fungi can produce volatile organic compounds, causing mucous membrane irritation and neurological symptoms.
Selected Groups of Mycotoxins
- Aflatoxins:
- Produced by many fungi species, including Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. parasiticus.
- Symptoms of poisoning: agitation, nausea, redness of the skin, hallucinations, and stupor.
- Trichothecenes:
- Produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, including F. sporotrichioides and F. poae.
- Symptoms of poisoning: nervous system palsy, hematopoietic system dysfunction, and mortality.
Mushroom Poisoning
- Macromycetes (cup mushrooms) can cause food poisoning.
- Fungal toxins are classified into groups based on their mechanism of action:
- Cytotoxic activity
- Blocking the metabolism of ethyl alcohol
- Peripheral muscarinic cholinergic activity
- Central atropin-like action
- Hallucinogenic activity
- Gastroenterotoxic action
Epidemiological Data
- The greatest number of poisonings is recorded after consuming Amanita phalloides and Paxillus involutus.
- In Poland, there are approximately 600-1000 mushroom poisoning cases per year.
- In the United States, there were over 133,700 cases of mushroom exposure reported between 1999 and 2016.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification of mycotoxins produced by different genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Identify mycotoxins like aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, tenuazonic acid, and their associated toxic effects.
