Mycotoxins Classification Quiz

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Which of the following is NOT a type of disease caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi?

Allergic diseases

What is the main source of mycotoxicosis according to the text?

Consumption of contaminated food by microscopic fungi

Which of the following fungi is NOT mentioned as a significant cause of allergy symptoms in humans?

Yeasts

Why is the size of fungal spores relevant to their allergenicity?

<p>Larger spores are retained in the nasopharyngeal cavity causing hay fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fungal spores that can cause allergy symptoms in humans?

<p>Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about inhaled allergens according to the text?

<p>Fungal spores rank third after grass pollens and dust allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding allergic diseases in developed countries?

<p>Growing prevalence affecting around 30% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mycotoxin is associated with carcinogenic activity?

<p>Ochratoxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential action of mycotoxin 'sterigmatocystin'?

<p>Mutagenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genus is responsible for producing mycotoxin 'alternariol'?

<p>Alternaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of poisoning is caused by consumption of fungal toxins according to the text?

<p>Mycotoxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mycotoxin weakens the immune system?

<p>Ochratoxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of reproduction for Candida albicans?

<p>Asexual reproduction by budding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mycotoxin is associated with embryotoxic and teratogenic effects?

<p>Ochratoxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does Candida albicans belong to?

<p>Phylum Ascomycota</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fungal genus is responsible for causing toxic dietary leukaemia?

<p>Fusarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of Candida albicans infection in AIDS patients?

<p>Oesophageal candidiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mycotoxin is not listed in the text as having carcinogenic potential?

<p>Tenuazonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of spores are present in Candida albicans?

<p>Blastospores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of Candida tropicalis colonies?

<p>Convex center, glossy appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Candida tropicalis budding cells?

<p>Ellipsoidal shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structure is abundant in Candida tropicalis?

<p>(Pseudo)mycelium (pseudohyphae)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the presence of serum, what do germinating blastospores from Candida albicans form?

<p>&quot;Germ tubes&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of poisoning associated with Digitalis purpurea?

<p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cardiac glycoside is primarily found in Digitalis purpurea?

<p>Digitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action do lanatosides A, B, C, D, and E exhibit in Digitalis lanata?

<ul> <li>Inotropic and tonotropic</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of cardiac glycosides in medicine?

<p>Relieving asthma attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of poisoning related to Digitalis lanata?

<p>Slow heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for death due to poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?

<p>Respiratory paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the absorption of digitoxin from the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>+100% absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that show - Chronotropic and dromotropic action?

<p>Foxglove</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of endemic Balkan nephropathy?

<p>Ochratoxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are mycotoxins mainly accumulated in food products?

<p>Through the moulding of agricultural products</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of consuming mycotoxins with food?

<p>Liver cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fungi is responsible for producing aflatoxins?

<p>Genus Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible health effects of volatile compounds produced by indoor fungi?

<p>Mucous membrane irritation or neurological symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do mycotoxins present in fodder affect livestock production?

<p>Adversely affect livestock production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of mycotoxins for humans according to Grajewski 2006?

<p>Indoor fungi spores</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are post-harvest diseases related to in relation to mycotoxin accumulation?

<p>Cereal grains, oil plants, fruits, and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of poisoning listed in the text?

<p>Abdominal pain and visual disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is recommended as part of the first aid for poisoning according to the text?

<p>Inducing vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxic compound classification is associated with damage to parenchymal organs such as the liver and kidneys?

<p>Toxins showing cytotoxic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mushroom species is NOT mentioned as being known for causing food poisoning?

<p>Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action in case of suspected poisoning with cup mushrooms picked from the environment?

<p>Seek immediate medical attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are common in poisoning from Digitalis purpurea?

<p>Visual disturbances and stupor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary glycoside found in Digitalis purpurea known for?

<p>Strong binding to proteins in blood serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant contains cardiac glycosides that exhibit negative chronotropic action?

<p>Digitalis lanata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of cardiac glycosides mentioned in the text?

<p>Increasing myocardial tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms can be associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?

<p>Gastrointestinal colics and paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some symptoms of poisoning after administration of belladonna fruit?

<p>Tachycardia and mydriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using atropine in medicine?

<p>To treat bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid found in Datura stramonium paralyzes the central nervous system?

<p>Scopolamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does atropine have on the pupils in ophthalmology?

<p>Dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with poisoning from Digitalis lanata?

<p>Convulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the early symptoms of poisoning by Rusula emetica?

<p>Severe stomach pains and diarrhoea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which continent has recorded cases of poisoning by Rusula emetica apart from Europe?

<p>Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color is the cap of Rusula emetica described as in the text?

<p>Scarlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common result of mushroom exposure according to the National Poison Data System in the United States?

<p>Gastric symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is most at risk of fatal poisoning by Rusula emetica?

<p>Immunecompromised people</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main symptoms of a toxic reaction to Aculeata stings, according to the text?

<p>Muscle cramps, headache, high temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction occurs in not allergic people after an Aculeata sting?

<p>Normal reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an extensive local reaction from a generalized reaction to Hymenoptera stings?

<p>Oedema coverage area and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves immune-complex-mediated hypersensitivity after a Hymenoptera sting?

<p>Serum sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of a normal reaction to Aculeata stings in non-allergic individuals?

<p>Redness and slight oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two characteristic painful points visible on the skin after a viper bite?

<p>Petechiae and skin necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of viper venom causes lysis of erythrocytes, leading to anemia and jaundice?

<p>Haemolysin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common systemic symptom that may appear after a viper bite?

<p>Excessive sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first aid recommendation for a viper bite regarding limb immobilization?

<p>Immoblize the limb and place it below the heart level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with viper bite poisoning?

<p>Excessive urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of the Coprinus genus can cause symptoms of poisoning after consuming alcohol?

<p>Inocybe sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species from the Amanita genus is known for causing CNS depression and hallucinations?

<p>Amanita pantherina (panther cap, false blusher)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxic agent is responsible for the gastroenterotoxic action in mushrooms like Paxillus involutus and Entoloma sinuatum?

<p>Various toxic agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxin class leads to hallucinogenic effects when consumed from species like Panaeolus and Stropharia?

<p>Psilocybin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mushroom species is NOT known for causing gastroenterotoxic effects?

<p>Russula emetica (the sickener, emetic russula, vomiting russula)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which toxic agent leads to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system in specific mushroom species?

<p>Muscarine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mushroom genus contains species that exhibit central atropin-like actions causing CNS depression?

<p>Amanita</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed mushrooms, which genus is NOT associated with hallucinogenic effects?

<p>Agaricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Amanita species is known as 'Satan's bolete' and can cause poisoning symptoms post-alcohol consumption?

<p>Rubroboletus satanas (Satan's bolete)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mycoses

  • Mycoses are diseases caused by microscopic pathogenic fungi, affecting plants, animals, and humans.
  • Mycotoxicosis is an acute or chronic toxicological syndrome caused by consuming fungal toxins, which can be found in:
    • Microscopic fungi, usually moulds, contaminating food.
    • Alkaloids of Claviceps purpurea sclerotium (ergot), causing human ergotism.
    • Consumed fruiting bodies of poisonous mushrooms.

Fungal Allergies

  • Allergic diseases are a growing medical problem, affecting approximately 30% of people.
  • Fungal spores are a significant source of inhaled allergens, ranking third in frequency after grass pollens and dust allergens.
  • Over 80 genera of fungi can cause allergy symptoms in humans, with the most important ones being:
    • Alternaria
    • Aspergillus
    • Cladosporium
    • Mucor
    • Penicillium
    • Rhizopus

Mycotoxins

  • Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi, showing:
    • Carcinogenic, cytotoxic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic activity.
    • Effects on the human body, including:
      • Weakening of the immune system
      • Carcinogenicity
      • Mutagenicity
      • Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity
  • Examples of mycotoxicoses in humans:
    • Ergot poisoning (ergotism)
    • Yellow rice disease
    • Toxic dietary leukemia
    • Endemic Balkan nephropathy
    • Liver cancer

Food Contamination

  • Mycotoxins can accumulate in food products, posing a threat to human and animal health.
  • Fungal metabolites in fodder can adversely affect livestock production.
  • Indoor fungi can produce volatile organic compounds, causing mucous membrane irritation and neurological symptoms.

Selected Groups of Mycotoxins

  • Aflatoxins:
    • Produced by many fungi species, including Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. parasiticus.
    • Symptoms of poisoning: agitation, nausea, redness of the skin, hallucinations, and stupor.
  • Trichothecenes:
    • Produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, including F. sporotrichioides and F. poae.
    • Symptoms of poisoning: nervous system palsy, hematopoietic system dysfunction, and mortality.

Mushroom Poisoning

  • Macromycetes (cup mushrooms) can cause food poisoning.
  • Fungal toxins are classified into groups based on their mechanism of action:
    • Cytotoxic activity
    • Blocking the metabolism of ethyl alcohol
    • Peripheral muscarinic cholinergic activity
    • Central atropin-like action
    • Hallucinogenic activity
    • Gastroenterotoxic action

Epidemiological Data

  • The greatest number of poisonings is recorded after consuming Amanita phalloides and Paxillus involutus.
  • In Poland, there are approximately 600-1000 mushroom poisoning cases per year.
  • In the United States, there were over 133,700 cases of mushroom exposure reported between 1999 and 2016.

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