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Questions and Answers
What type of mycosis affects the hair, skin, and nails?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Protozoa?
What reproductive method do some protozoa use to survive adverse conditions?
Among the following, which organism is known to cause amebic dysentery?
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What is a defining characteristic of Apicomplexa?
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Which protozoan group includes organisms that have feeding grooves?
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Toxoplasma gondii is primarily transmitted through which source?
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What type of motility do amebae use to move?
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What type of hyphae contains cross-walls?
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Which of the following describes budding yeasts?
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What characterizes dimorphic fungi?
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How are asexual spores produced in fungi?
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Which of the following best describes the function of aerial hyphae?
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What distinguishes coenocytic hyphae from septate hyphae?
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What is the primary role of proglottids in tapeworms?
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Fungal mycelium is primarily composed of what structure?
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Which species is known to produce cysticerci in humans?
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What is a common method by which fungi gain nutrients?
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What type of host role do humans play for Echinococcus granulosus?
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What is a characteristic feature of nematodes?
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Which of the following nematodes is considered an infective agent for humans?
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What is the role of the sporozoite in the life cycle of Plasmodium?
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Which structure in ciliates is primarily responsible for the movement?
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What is a common feature of Platyhelminthes?
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How do cestodes absorb food?
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What characterizes the body segments of cestodes?
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Which of the following is a unique characteristic of Balantidium coli?
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What type of fluke is Schistosoma classified as?
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Which type of locomotion is found in Paramecium?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Dirofilaria immitis?
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What is the approximate length of an adult female pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of nematode that infects humans?
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How do hookworms, such as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, typically enter the human body?
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What is the size of a typical pinworm egg?
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Study Notes
Fungi
- Mycology is the study of fungi
- Fungi are chemoheterotrophs
- Fungi decompose organic matter
- Fungi are aerobic or facultative anaerobic
Vegetative Structures (Molds and Fleshy Fungi)
- Fungal thallus (body) consists of hyphae
- Filaments are called hyphae; a mass of hyphae is called a mycelium
- Septate hyphae contain cross-walls
- Coenocytic hyphae do not contain septa
- Vegetative hyphae obtain nutrients while aerial hyphae are involved with reproduction
Vegetative Structures (Yeasts)
- Yeasts are nonfilamentous and unicellular
- Budding yeasts divide unevenly
- Fission yeasts divide evenly
Vegetative Structures (Dimorphic Fungi)
- Dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C
Fungal Life Cycle
- Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via spores
- Asexual spores are produced via mitosis and cell division; formed by the hyphae of one organism
- Sexual spores involve the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains
Fungal Diseases
- Mycosis is a fungal infection
- Systemic mycoses are deep within the body
- Subcutaneous mycoses affect tissue beneath the skin
- Cutaneous mycoses affect hair, skin, and nails
- Superficial mycoses are localized; for example, hair shafts
- Opportunistic mycoses are harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host
Protozoa
- Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes
- They inhabit water and soil
- They are animal-like in their nutrition
- Protozoa have complex life cycles
- The feeding and growing form is a trophozoite
- Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission)
- Sexual reproduction is by conjugation
- Some protozoa produce a cyst to survive adverse conditions
Medically Important Protozoa
- Feeding grooves (Excavata) are divided into diplomonads, parabasalids, and euglenozoa
- Medically Important Protozoa also include Amoeba, Apicomplexa, and Ciliates
Amebae
- Amebae move by extending pseudopods.
- Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery
- Acanthamoeba infects corneas and can cause blindness
- Balamuthia can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis
Apicomplexa
- Apicomplexa are nonmotile and obligate intracellular parasites
- They have complex life cycles
- Toxoplasma gondii is transmitted by cats and causes fetal infections
- Cryptosporidium is transmitted via feces and causes waterborne illness
- Plasmodium causes malaria
Plasmodium (Apicomplexa)
- Plasmodium reproduces sexually in the Anopheles mosquito
- A mosquito injects a sporozoite into the host during a bite
- The sporozoite undergoes schizogony in the liver, producing merozoites
- Merozoites infect red blood cells, forming a ring stage inside the cell
- Red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites that can infect new red blood cells
Ciliates
- Ciliates move by cilia that are arranged in precise rows.
- Balantidium coli is the only human parasite and can cause dysentery
Helminths
- Helminths are parasitic worms
- There are two phyla: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminths (Flukes)
- Flukes are flat, leaf-shaped worms
- They have a ventral and oral sucker
- They absorb food through the cuticle covering
- Paragonimus spp. is a lung fluke
- Schistosoma is a blood fluke that causes schistosomiasis
Platyhelminthes (Tapeworms)
- Tapeworms have a scolex (head) with suckers for attachment
- They absorb food through the cuticle
- Tapeworms have proglottids (body segments) which contain male and female reproductive organs
Cestodes (Tapeworms): Humans as Definitive Hosts
- Eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall
- Larvae produce cysticerci
- Taenia solium is a pork tapeworm
Cestodes (Tapeworms): Humans as Intermediate Hosts
- Eggs are ingested and hatch in the intestine
- Larvae migrate to the liver or lungs and develop a hydatid cyst
- Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm which can cause echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
Nematodes
- Nematodes are roundworms
- They are cylindrical with a complete digestive system
- They are dioecious; males contain spicules
- Nematodes are free-living and parasitic
Nematodes (Eggs Infective for Humans)
- Ascaris lumbricoides infects human intestines
- Baylisascaris procyonis is a raccoon roundworm
- Trichuris trichiura is a whipworm
- Enterobius vermicularis is a pinworm
Nematodes (Larvae Infective for Humans)
- Strongyloides is a reemerging infection
- Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale are hookworms which can enter the skin and be carried to the intestines
- Dirofilaria immitis is spread by mosquitoes and can cause heartworm
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of fungi, including their classification, vegetative structures, and life cycle. This quiz covers key concepts of mycology, such as the different types of hyphae and their functions, as well as the reproductive strategies of fungi. Test your knowledge and deepen your understanding of these essential organisms in the ecosystem.
