C Programming Week 3
35 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a critical limitation of stack memory?

  • It has a fixed size that can lead to stack overflow. (correct)
  • It is accessible from anywhere in the program.
  • It allows infinite memory allocation.
  • It can result in memory leaks if not managed properly.

    • How is memory managed in the heap compared to the stack?

  • Memory in the stack persists beyond the function scope.
  • Memory in the heap is automatically managed.
  • Memory in the stack can only be allocated at runtime.
  • Memory in the heap must be manually allocated and deallocated. (correct)

    • Which statement best describes the lifetime of stack-allocated variables?

  • They are destroyed when the program finishes running.
  • They remain in memory after the function returns.
  • They persist for the entire program execution.
  • They are accessible only during the function execution that created them. (correct)

    • Which of the following functions is used for dynamic memory allocation?

    <p>malloc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using heap memory?

    <p>Heap memory allows for dynamic memory allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a programmer prefer stack memory over heap memory?

    <p>It is automatically managed and faster to access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly contrasts the scope of stack and heap memory?

    <p>Stack memory is only accessible within the function that created it; heap memory can be accessed anywhere with a pointer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when memory allocated on the heap is not deallocated?

    <p>It leads to memory leaks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one principle that allows functions to be reused across different programs?

    <p>Abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of a function declaration specifies its usage without detailing implementation?

    <p>Function Prototype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Single Responsibility Principle in function design?

    <p>It ensures each function has only one reason to change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents calling a function in C?

    <p>double area = areaOfCircle(radius);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using functions in programming?

    <p>Increased risk of code duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts allows functions to be implemented with minimal understanding of their internals?

    <p>Abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does decomposition in function design refer to?

    <p>Breaking down a complex task into smaller, manageable functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the main function typically take in relation to other functions in a program?

    <p>It serves as a caller that requests other functions to perform tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct way to declare a two-dimensional array in C for 2 teams with 4 players each?

    <p>int teamPlayerIDs[NUM_TEAMS][NUM_PLAYERS];</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about memory locations of variables after assignment?

    <p>The new value occupies the same memory location as the previous value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of dynamic memory allocation, which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Heap memory is managed by the programmer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of elements in a two-dimensional array declared as int teamPlayerIDs[NUM_TEAMS][NUM_PLAYERS]; with NUM_TEAMS defined as 2 and NUM_PLAYERS as 4?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when end-of-file is reached using fgets?

    <p>The function returns NULL without reading any characters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might one prefer using fgets over scanf for reading strings?

    <p>fgets handles whitespace characters better than scanf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the stack and heap memory, which statement is correct?

    <p>Stack memory allocates memory in a Last In First Out (LIFO) manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statement "char *newline = strchr(string2, ' ');" achieve?

    <p>It finds the first occurrence of a newline character in string2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly describes the purpose of memory in programming?

    <p>Memory holds the values and locations of variables during execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of function declarations in C programming?

    <p>To specify the function’s name, return type, and parameters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Single Responsibility Principle in function design advocate for?

    <p>Functions should be designed to perform a single, well-defined task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of decomposition in function design imply?

    <p>Breaking down a complex function into smaller, more manageable functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the modular approach in C programming benefit code organization?

    <p>It allows functions to be reused across different programs effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy is used to describe the relationship between the main function and other functions?

    <p>The main function acts as a client, and others serve as servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of function prototypes in programming?

    <p>They ensure type correctness during function calls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the output of the following statement in the provided code? printf("Product: %f\n", product);

    <p>The product will be displayed as a floating-point number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following data types requires special handling in printf for accurate representation?

    <p>long double</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating mixed-type expressions, which of the following is true?

    <p>All operands are converted to the type of the largest operand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the return value of the function add(int a, int b) when called with values 5 and 3?

    <p>It returns 8 as an integer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    C Programming - Week 3: Functions and Arrays

    • Functionalizing a Program:

      • Motivation: Divide-and-conquer (breaking problems into smaller functions), software reusability (reusing functions), abstraction (hiding complex details), single responsibility principle (each function has one clear task). Decomposition (breaking down functions into smaller ones) is a key technique for better organization.

    • Declaring and Defining Functions:

      • Function Prototype (declaration): Specifies a function's name, return type, and parameters without the implementation. Used to tell the compiler about this function before it's defined.
      • Function Definition: Contains the actual implementation of the function.
      • Functions are defined once and can be used multiple times (called) in a program. This modularity helps organize code.

    • Calling and Returning from Functions:

      • Functions are invoked using a function call.
      • A function call requests the function to perform a task.
      • The function executes and can return a value to the calling function.

    • Putting it all together

      • Include header files to declare functions.
      • Implement functions based on the declarations.

    • Function Prototypes – Mixed Type Expressions

      • Arithmetic Conversions: type promotion rules in mixed-type expressions
        • long double operands > double > float > integers
      • Integer promotion: char and short values are usually promoted to int before evaluation.

    • Mixed Type Expressions

      • Summary of print and scanf conversion specifications for different data types. (Lists all data types: long double, double, float, long long int, long int, etc., with relevant printf and scanf specifiers.)

    • Best Practices:

      • Include function prototypes.
      • Use header files.
      • Functions with global scope are used across multiple files.
      • Functions with local scope are only relevant within a specific function.

    • Arrays:

      • Fundamental data structure to store a collection of elements of the same data type. Used to store collections of data.

    • Declaration and Initialization of Arrays:

      • Declare arrays by specifying element type and the number of elements.
      • Initialize arrays at declaration. Initializing with fewer values sets the rests as zero.

    • Defining and Allocating Space for Arrays:

      • When declaring an array, space is reserved for the identifier and elements.
      • The size of pointer depends on the architecture.
      • Array elements get their allocated space as well.

    • Variable Length Arrays (VLAs):

      • VLAs are declared using a variable to determine the array's size.
      • Variable-length arrays are declared using a variable to represent size
      • Can be initialized similarly to fixed-size arrays.

    • Benefits and Limitations of VLAs:

      • Benefits: Dynamic sizing, Memory Efficiency, Flexibility.
      • Limitations: Arrays are allocated on the stack, so they cause stack overflow if too big. The size is not checked at compile time so runtime checks are necessary.

    • Example of VLAs

    • Character Arrays Initialization

      • Characters arrays can be initialized with individual constants. String literals automatically add a null character '\0' at the end.
      • Reading input with scanf: The input should be limited to avoid buffer overflow
      • Reading input with fgets: A safer alternative to scanf for strings that may contain spaces or newlines.
      • Printing strings with printf: The %s format specifier is used for strings in printf.

    • Handling Special Characters:

      • scanf stops reading at whitespace (space, tab, newline).
      • Use fgets for reading strings including white spaces. fgets is usually preferred when input might contain spaces and new lines.

    • Multi-Dimensional Arrays:

      • Multi-dimensional arrays are used to create arrays of arrays. Used to represent tables or matrices of data. Example shown.

    • Array Identifiers:

      • A single identifier holds the starting memory address where the data is stored. Example presented demonstrating how the memory is allocated in memory (address and value).

    • Two-Dimensional Arrays

      • Declaring, storing, and accessing data in 2D arrays. Shows how to store data in 2D and get the address and its value in memory using examples

    • Defining vs. Declaring 2-D Arrays

      • Difference in defining and declaring two-dimensional arrays.

    • Memory Concepts:

      • Every variable has a name, a type, value, and a location in memory.
      • When a value is placed in a memory location, it replaces the existing value. Locales are not necessarily adjacent in memory. Example illustrated..

    • Stack:

      • Purpose: Static memory allocation (local variables, function parameters, function calls).
      • Allocation: Automatic allocation and deallocation as functions are called/returned.
      • Characteristics: Fixed size determined during compile time ,Fast access (push/pop), Scope and lifetime limited to function duration (destroyed when returned).
      • Limitations: Size limitation : deep or large local variables and recursion can lead to overflow.

    • Heap:

      • Purpose: Dynamic memory allocation; memory allocated runtime.
      • Allocation: use functions like malloc, calloc, realloc, or free. Memory must be explicitly allocated and deallocated.
      • Characteristics: Variable size, Manual management (must allocate and free), Slower access, Scope/Lifetime: accessible from anywhere in the program (until explicitly freed)
      • Advantages: dynamic sizing, lifetime control.

    • Disadvantages of Heap:

      • Manual management, Performance overhead (slower than stack) ,improper management leads to memory leaks or undefined behavior.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Week 3 Arrays and Functions PDF

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser