Mutualism Chapter 15 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the evolution of mutualism theory predict?

  • Mutualism will evolve regardless of the costs and benefits.
  • Mutualism will not evolve due to the high costs involved.
  • Mutualism will evolve where the benefits of mutualism exceed the costs. (correct)
  • Mutualism will evolve where the costs of mutualism exceed the benefits.
  • What is the key condition for a population to be mutualistic?

  • The fitness of successful mutualists must be less than unsuccessful or non-mutualists.
  • The fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists must be equal.
  • The fitness of successful mutualists must be greater than unsuccessful or non-mutualists. (correct)
  • The fitness of mutualists and non-mutualists does not matter for a population to be mutualistic.
  • What is a key condition for a facultative ant-plant mutualism to evolve and persist?

  • The proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extrafloral nectaries must be less than the proportion saved from destruction by herbivores. (correct)
  • The proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extrafloral nectaries and the proportion saved from destruction by herbivores must be equal.
  • The proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extrafloral nectaries must exceed the proportion saved from destruction by herbivores.
  • The proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extrafloral nectaries and the proportion saved from destruction by herbivores do not matter for the evolution of a facultative ant-plant mutualism.
  • What is a key condition that may produce higher benefits than costs for a facultative ant-plant mutualism?

    <p>A high proportion of the plant's energy budget invested in extrafloral nectaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between successful and unsuccessful mutualists?

    <p>Successful mutualists give and receive benefits, while unsuccessful mutualists give but do not receive benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between mutualists and non-mutualists?

    <p>Mutualists give and receive benefits, while non-mutualists neither give nor receive benefit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit that coral receives from zooxanthallae in the Coral Mutualism relationship?

    <p>Access to higher nutrient levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does coral control the population growth and density of zooxanthallae in the Coral Mutualism relationship?

    <p>By secreting signal compounds altering zooxanthallae cell membrane permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do crustacean mutualists play in protecting coral according to Glynn's findings?

    <p>Improving coral chances of avoiding sea star attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit that zooxanthallae receive from the Coral Mutualism relationship with coral?

    <p>Access to higher nutrient levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do zooxanthallae benefit coral in the Coral Mutualism relationship?

    <p>Provision of organic compounds through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key way through which corals control zooxanthallae in the Coral Mutualism relationship?

    <p>By adjusting zooxanthallae cell membrane permeability with signal compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) in relation to plant roots?

    <p>Increasing access to immobile nutrients like phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Allen and Allen, how did mycorrhizae affect the water relations of the grass Agropyron smithii?

    <p>Plants with mycorrhizae maintained higher leaf water potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hypothesis did Hardie propose regarding the role of mycorrhizal fungi in plant water relations?

    <p>Mycorrhizal fungi improve water relations by providing more extensive contact with moisture and extra area for water absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Johnson's investigation aim to study?

    <p>The effect of fertilization on the mutualistic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Johnson's investigation find regarding the trade between plants and mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient-poor environments?

    <p>The fungal partner received an equal or greater quantity of photosynthetic products in exchange for a low quantity of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the observed pattern of root investment in plants growing in low-nitrogen soils?

    <p>Plants invested more in roots in low-nitrogen soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed regarding Andropogon's inflorescence production?

    <p>Inflorescences were only produced in nitrogen-supplemented treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefits do ants provide to swollen thorn acacia plants?

    <p>The ants provide protection from herbivores, and the plant provides living space, sugar, and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Janzen's experiment demonstrate regarding the relationship between ants and swollen thorn acacias?

    <p>Ants significantly improved the performance of acacia plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Inouye and Taylor observe regarding ants and aspen sunflowers?

    <p>They never observed ants collecting nectar from aspen sunflower blossoms or tending aphids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was proposed regarding the relationship between ants and aspen sunflowers?

    <p>Ants protect the developing seeds of aspen sunflowers from seed predators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the relationship between ants and aspen sunflowers differ from the relationship between ants and swollen thorn acacias?

    <p>The relationship between ants and aspen sunflowers is facultative, while the relationship with swollen thorn acacias is obligate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)?

    <p>They produce spores that can survive in the soil for extended periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of mutualism, what is the difference between facultative and obligate mutualism?

    <p>Facultative mutualism occurs when a species can live without its mutualistic partner, while obligate mutualism occurs when a species is dependent on a mutualistic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence did Margulis and Fester present regarding the origin of eukaryotes?

    <p>They provided evidence that eukaryotes originated as mutualistic associations between different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of arbuscules in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)?

    <p>They are sites of exchange between plants and fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mutualism is NOT true?

    <p>In mutualism, one partner always benefits more than the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae mentioned in the text?

    <p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

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