Music History and Theory: Medieval & Renaissance

• The timeline includes the Medieval Period (500-1400), Renaissance Period (1400-1600), Baroque Period (1600-1750), Classical Period (1750-1820), Romantic Period (1820-1900), and 20th Century Period (1900–Present).

Medieval Period (500–1400)

• Music was dominated by monophonic chants like Gregorian Chant
• Polyphony, which involves multiple independent melodies, was later developed
• Modes, the precursors to modern scales, were commonly used
• Music was mostly religious and vocal, with limited use of instruments
• Neumes, an early form of notation, were used for writing music

Modes in Music

• Ionian Mode (Major Scale): Bright, happy, and uplifting
• Dorian Mode: Smooth, jazzy, and mysterious
• Phrygian Mode: Dark, exotic, and Spanish-like
• Lydian Mode: Dreamy, ethereal, and floating
• Mixolydian Mode: Bluesy, rock-like, and open
• Aeolian Mode (Natural Minor Scale): Sad, melancholic, and emotional
• Locrian Mode: Unstable, tense, and dissonant.

Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

• Polyphonic texture became more complex and refined
• There was greater use of imitation and counterpoint
• Secular music became more popular alongside sacred music
• Madrigals and choral music developed
• Word painting, where music reflects the text's meaning, was introduced
• More instrumental music was used, including the lute, viol, and harpsichord

Baroque Period (1600–1750)

• It featured an ornate and expressive musical style
• The basso continuo, a continuous bass line, was developed
• Contrasts in dynamics, known as terraced dynamics, involved sudden volume changes
• Forms like opera, oratorio, and concerto rose in prominence
• Fugue and counterpoint were highly developed
• Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Antonio Vivaldi were famous composers

Classical Period (1750–1820)

• It was characterized by balanced, clear, and structured musical forms
• There was a shift to homophonic texture, featuring a melody with accompaniment
• Sonata form, symphony, and string quartet developed
• There was a greater emphasis on elegance and simplicity
• Gradual dynamic changes, like crescendo and decrescendo, were used
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, and Ludwig van Beethoven (early works) were famous composers

Romantic Period (1820-1900)

• There was an emphasis on emotion, individual expression, and imagination
• Orchestration expanded, and there was greater use of wider dynamics
• Program music, which is instrumental music that tells a story, was introduced
• Rubato, a flexible tempo, was used for expressive purposes
• Inspiration was drawn from literature, nature, and nationalism
• Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner, and Pyotr Tchaikovsky were famous composers

20th Century Period (1900–Present)

• Diverse and experimental musical styles emerged
• Atonality, dissonance, and new harmonic languages were used
• Electronic music and synthesizers developed
• There was integration of minimalism, jazz influences, and world music
• Extended techniques on instruments and voice were used
• Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Claude Debussy, and John Cage were famous composers

Composers and Works

• Vivaldi (Baroque): The Four Seasons
• Handel (Baroque): Messiah
• Haydn (Classical): Known as the Father of the String Quartet and Father of the Symphony
• Mozart (Classical): Child prodigy
• Beethoven (Classical): Deaf Composer
• Paganini (Romantic): Devil Violinist
• Chopin (Romantic): Poet of the piano
• Liszt (Romantic): La Campanella
• Tchaikovsky (Romantic): Ballet music (Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker)
• Bartok (20th century): Hungarian music
• Gershwin (20th century): Classical and Jazz
• Stravinsky (20th century): Ballet music (The Firebird, Petrushka, The Rite of Spring)
• Schoenberg (20th century): Chromaticism, expressionism
• Debussy (20th century): Impressionistic music

Filipino Composers

• Fides Cuyugan-Asensio: Opera singer
• Levi Celerio: Leaf; known for making music with a leaf and writing lyrics for over 4,000 songs
• Ramon P. Santos: Ethnomusicologist
• Ryan Cayabyab: Known for "Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika"
• Chino Toledo: Stands for "pure and powerful" music
• Francisco Santiago: Father of Kundiman Art Song
• Jose Maceda: Ugnayan
• Antonio Molina: Impressionism
• Lucio San Pedro: Sa Ugoy ng Duyan
• Lucrecia Kasilag: Major contributor to Filipino classical music
• Nicanor Abelardo: Celebrated as a Kundiman Artist (Mutya ng Pasig)
• Julian Felipe: Remembered for the Music of the National Anthem (Marcha Nacional Filipina)
• Jose Palma: Remembered for the Lyrics of the National Anthem (Marcha Nacional Filipina)

Folk Songs

• Tagalog: Leron, Leron Sinta, Bahay Kubo, Magtanim Ay 'Di Biro, Sitsiritsit, Alibangbang
• Kapampangan: Atin Cu Pung Singsing
• Ilocano: Pamulinawen
• Bicolano: Sarungbanggi
• Visayan: Ili-ili Tulog Anay, Dandansoy, Si Pelimon

20th Century Pilipino Musicians

• Levi Celerio: Musical artist in the Guinness Book of World Records for making music with a leaf. He wrote over 4,000 songs, earned film awards, and became a National Artist for Music and Literature with compositions like Ang Pipit and Sa Ugoy ng Duyan
• Constancio De Guzman: Composer of the nationalist song "Bayan Ko", named "Dean of Filipino Movie Composers and Musical Directors".
• Miguel "Mike" G. Velarde Jr.: Composer-conductor, composed "Dahil Sa Yo" (1938), honored with awards, including Gawad CCP Para Sa Sining (1986).
• Santiago Suarez: Composer renowned for traditional Filipino love songs such as Dungawin Mo Hirang

Selected Compositions

• Ligaya Ko, Pandanggo ni Neneng, Dungawin Mo, Hirang, Bakya Mo Neneng, Sa Libis ng Nayon, Harana, Ikaw ang Buhay Ko!, Mutya Niyaring Puso
• Restituto "Restie" A. Umali: Arranged Philippine national anthem; composed over 250 movie scores; works include "Saan Ka Man Naroroon"
• Angel Peña: Classical and jazz composer, "one of the founders of traditional jazz in the Philippines"; compositions include "Bagbagtulambing"
• Ernani Cuenco: National Artist for Music, known for kundiman-style ballads, contributions exemplified Filipino musicality

National Artist for Music

• Compositions include "Nahan" and "Diligin Mo ng Hamog ang Uhaw na Lupa"
• George Canseco: Acknowledged Filipino composer of classics, including "Kapantay Ay Langit"; served as FILSCAP President
• Leopoldo Silos Sr.: Composer-singer and musical director, known for romantic songs and his work on "Rawitan Kita".

20th Century Traditional Composers

• Francisco B. Buencamino Sr.: Founded Centro Escolar de Señoritas, Conservatory of Music, and Buencamino Music Academy
• Francisco S. Santiago: Known as the "Father of the Kundiman", blended Western techniques with folk material; first Filipino Director of the Conservatory of Music, University of the Philippines
• Nicanor S. Abelardo: Composer in the Romantic style known for elevating the Kundiman (Mutya ng Pasig)
• Antonio J. Molina: Known as the "Father of Philippine Impressionist Music," combined Romantic style with Debussy's harmonies; impressionistic work is "Malikmata (Transfiguration)."
• Lucio D. San Pedro: "Romantic nationalist," integrated Philippine fold elements in compositions; chords had an expressive tonality; National Artist for Music.

Notable Composers

• Hilarion F. Rubio: Composer, teacher, conductor, and clarinetist; recognized for orchestra works, conductor of operas, ballets, dance recitals, and movie music
• Ryan Cayabyab: Contemporary, blends popular and classical, works: pop, ballads, operas, zarzuelas, and choral.

New Music Composers

• Experimental New Music artists include Jose Maceda, Lucrecia Kasilag, and Jonas Baes; integrated Filipino spirit with traditional music
• Jose M. Maceda: Inspired by indigenous music leading to dedication to traditional music
• Lucrecia R. Casilag: Compositional style merged the East and West in instruments, melody, and rhythm; known for indigenous instruments in orchestral productions
• Jerry A. Dadap: Notable for conducting compositions at Carnegie Hall (New York), starting at Silliman University, Dumaguete
• Fr. Manuel P. Maramba, OSB: Known as accomplished liturgical composer, focusing on religious themes
• Ramon P. Santos: Features music seria combined w/ Philippine elements
• Jonas U. Baes: Associate Professor, explores innovative treatments, unusual instruments like bean-pod rattles