Music Chapter 1-3 Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

Minstrelsy attempted to present which option?

  • A stereotypical caricature of African-American culture for white audiences (correct)
  • A genuine view of African-American culture for white audiences
  • A genuine view of slave culture for more modern African-American audiences

    • There were African-American minstrel performers who wore blackface.

    True

    Jim Crow, the name applied to legislation that sought to deprive African-Americans of their rights, was originally the name for which minstrel show character?

  • The well-dressed, well-spoken, but often violent urban character
  • The narrator
  • The subservient, slow-witted, rural character (correct)

    • The practice in which Tin Pan Alley song pluggers would bribe producers to use their songs was...

    <p>A legal and accepted practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 19th century America, home entertainment centered around?

    <p>the piano</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tin Pan Alley industry was concerned with the making and selling of?

    <p>sheet music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louis Glass is known as the father of?

    <p>jukebox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    W.C. Handy claimed the title of father of?

    <p>the blues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As such, W.C. Handy was?

    <p>A trained composer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    W.C. Handy's songs bore more similarity to which kind of music?

    <p>Mainstream popular songs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tin Pan Alley songwriter who best bridged the gaps between popular music, classical music, and jazz was?

    <p>George Gershwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tango craze of the early 20th century introduced what into American popular music?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP) was formed to?

    <p>Allow songwriters to collect royalties on performances of their music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ASCAP offered better protections for which group?

    <p>Established white, Tin Pan Alley songwriters than rural and African-American artists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The man known as the principal pioneer of broadcast radio was?

    <p>Lee De Forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early radio broadcasting pioneers viewed radio as a medium for?

    <p>Edifying society through wholesome entertainment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    William Paley of CBS saw the radio network as?

    <p>A commercial enterprise for making money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1927 film "The Jazz Singer" is remembered as?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The film that made it clear that Tin Pan Alley songs would play a major role in films was?

    <p>&quot;Broadway Melody&quot; (MGM, 1929)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The singing style known as 'crooning' was?

    <p>A more intimate style using a microphone and amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 1920s and 1930s, the African American style of music we now know as blues was known as?

    <p>race music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 1920s and 1930s, the style of music we now know as country and western was called?

    <p>hillbilly music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The segmentation of niche market popular music along class and racial lines came primarily from?

    <p>The recording companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two common styles of blues in the early 20th century were best known as ___ and ___ blues.

    <p>country and classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The singer known as 'the express of the blues' was?

    <p>Bessie Smith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blues singer who influenced most blues and rock artists after him was?

    <p>Blind Lemon Jefferson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early jazz musicians often migrated from?

    <p>New Orleans to Chicago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the first 'big band' leaders at the Roseland Ballroom was?

    <p>Fletcher Henderson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first bandleader at the Cotton Club in Harlem was?

    <p>Duke Ellington</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bandleader who best exemplifies the blues-based Kansas City Swing style was?

    <p>William 'Count' Basie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first white bandleader to employ African-American musicians in his band was?

    <p>Benny Goodman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There were African-Americans who performed hillbilly music.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hillbilly singer known as the 'Singing Brakeman' was?

    <p>Jimmie Rodgers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jimmie Rodgers' music was heavily influenced by?

    <p>the blues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to the significant demand for blues and jazz records, African-American musicians had an easy time getting airplay on the radio.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hillbilly music received more airplay on the radio than race music.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Due to the fact that records were so cheap to make, independent record companies flourished during the Great Depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The device that helped the record industry recover from the Great Depression was?

    <p>The jukebox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perhaps the most influential record producer of the mid-20th century was?

    <p>John Hammond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'big three' record companies after the depression were?

    <p>Columbia, Victor, and Decca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BMI stands for?

    <p>Broadcast Music Incorporated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BMI was the main competitor of?

    <p>ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chief difference between BMI and its main competitor was that?

    <p>BMI represented black and hillbilly musicians, while its competitor's clientele consisted only of mainstream artists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The American Federation of Musicians strike and recording ban of 1942 - 1944 was in reaction to?

    <p>Radio broadcasters playing recorded music without paying royalties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During and after the AFM strike and recording ban, focus shifted from?

    <p>Big bands fronted by vocalists to vocalists backed by big bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1949, what had been called race music and hillbilly music had been renamed?

    <p>Rhythm and Blues, and Country and Western</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In reaction to cross-cultural influences of World War II, major record labels began the aggressive marketing of?

    <p>country and western music</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the late 1940s, independent record labels flourished by recording a style largely rejected by major labels. That style was?

    <p>rhythm and blues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three examples of influential independent record labels are?

    <p>King, Chess, and Atlantic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantage of magnetic tape as a recording medium was that?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantage of transistors over vacuum tubes was that?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    So-called 'high fidelity' recording allowed record producers to?

    <p>Increase playing time by creating the long-playing (LP) record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High fidelity recording required?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    45 RPM 'singles' were popular with?

    <p>Jukebox manufacturers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent local disk jockeys rose to stardom on the local level, supplanting live entertainment personalities on national network radio.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fast-talking, swing-style slang of some disk jockeys served as a formative influence on rap.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Record companies generally ignored local independent disk jockeys, marketing music rather to the major radio networks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important influence of black disk jockeys was?

    <p>Their showmanship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The disk jockey most noted for bringing Rhythm and Blues to white audiences was?

    <p>Alan 'Moondog' Freed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One effect of independent deejays playing Rhythm and Blues was?

    <p>White teens listened to black stations and shopped in segregated stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Minstrelsy and Its Impact

    • Minstrelsy presented a stereotypical caricature of African-American culture aimed at white audiences.
    • African-American minstrel performers often used blackface in their acts to conform to the prevailing entertainment norms.

    Jim Crow and Culture

    • "Jim Crow" originated from a minstrel show character depicted as a subservient, slow-witted rural figure, representing systematic racial oppression.

    Tin Pan Alley Practices

    • "Paying for Play" involved Tin Pan Alley song pluggers bribing show producers, a practice accepted at the time.
    • The primary focus of the Tin Pan Alley industry was the production and sale of sheet music.

    Key Figures in Music History

    • Louis Glass is identified as the father of the jukebox.
    • W.C. Handy is recognized as the father of the blues and a trained composer.
    • W.C. Handy's songs drew more from mainstream popular music rather than traditional blues.
    • George Gershwin effectively bridged popular music, classical music, and jazz.
    • The Tango craze integrated Latin-American influences into American music, influencing both white and African-American cultures.
    • The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) was established to facilitate royalty collection for songwriters.

    Record Industry Dynamics

    • ASCAP primarily protected established white, Tin Pan Alley songwriters over rural and African-American artists.
    • Lee De Forest was a principal pioneer of broadcast radio, advocating for uplifting and tasteful programming.

    Evolution of Music and Media

    • Early radio aimed at edifying society with wholesome entertainment, contrasting commercial ventures.
    • The 1927 film "The Jazz Singer" was pivotal as the first "talkie," marking a major shift in film music.

    Music Genres and Terminology

    • The styles known as blues were referred to as 'race music' in the 1920s and 30s, while country music was known as 'hillbilly music.'
    • The segmentation of popular music arose predominantly from decisions made by recording companies.

    Blues and Jazz Development

    • The early 20th century blues styles prominently featured country and classical blues.
    • Bessie Smith earned recognition as the "Empress of the Blues."

    Transition and Market Changes

    • Blind Lemon Jefferson significantly influenced generations of blues and rock artists.
    • Independent record labels thrived post-World War II, particularly in the rhythm and blues genre, contrasting major label practices.

    Advancements in Recording Technology

    • Magnetic tape revolutionized recording quality, editing ease, and affordability compared to earlier media.
    • The introduction of high fidelity recording expanded the potential for longer, high-quality records (LPs).

    Radio and DJ Culture

    • Local independent DJs became prominent, reshaping the radio landscape and bringing diverse music to various audiences.
    • Black DJs played a critical role in the rise of Rhythm and Blues, influencing white audiences and effectively integrating musical boundaries.

    Key Record Labels and Industry Shifts

    • The "big three" post-Depression record companies were Columbia, Victor, and Decca.
    • BMI emerged as a competitively inclusive organization compared to ASCAP, focusing on underrepresented artists.

    Effects of Cultural Integration

    • The AFM strike highlighted the need for fair compensation for artists, shifting focus to vocalists with big bands.
    • The evolution of music labels post-1949 saw race music and hillbilly music rebranded as Rhythm and Blues and Country and Western, influencing mainstream culture.

    Conclusion

    • Music's evolution in this period was marked by significant racial and cultural dynamics, technological advancements, and shifts in public consumption.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from chapters 1 to 3 of music studies, focusing on the representation of African-American culture in minstrelsy. Review flashcards to solidify your understanding of important terms and definitions relevant to the topics discussed in these chapters.

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