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Questions and Answers
Where were early instrumental concerts mostly heard?
Where were early instrumental concerts mostly heard?
By wealthy aristocrats in concert halls on private estates.
Concerts in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth centuries were considerably longer than present-day concerts.
Concerts in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth centuries were considerably longer than present-day concerts.
True (A)
What did instrumental music in the Classical period emphasize?
What did instrumental music in the Classical period emphasize?
Form, clarity, and elegance.
The Romantic period was the antithesis of the Classical period.
The Romantic period was the antithesis of the Classical period.
From the Baroque through the Romantic periods, how did the orchestra in general change?
From the Baroque through the Romantic periods, how did the orchestra in general change?
What is the term for the staged musical genre combining singing, acting, and an orchestra?
What is the term for the staged musical genre combining singing, acting, and an orchestra?
What is a financial supporter of an artistic endeavor called?
What is a financial supporter of an artistic endeavor called?
What do you call a company that purchases the rights to print, distribute, and sell music?
What do you call a company that purchases the rights to print, distribute, and sell music?
What is an orchestral composition usually in four movements called?
What is an orchestral composition usually in four movements called?
What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for one soloist and orchestra?
What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for one soloist and orchestra?
What is a single-movement orchestral work that is programmatic?
What is a single-movement orchestral work that is programmatic?
What is a philanthropic group organized to support a choral organization called?
What is a philanthropic group organized to support a choral organization called?
What is the dynamic ideal in the Baroque period where the volume level changes abruptly?
What is the dynamic ideal in the Baroque period where the volume level changes abruptly?
What term refers to the gradual decrease in the dynamic level?
What term refers to the gradual decrease in the dynamic level?
What refers to the instrumental practice of coupling a low-pitched instrument with a harpsichord during the Baroque period?
What refers to the instrumental practice of coupling a low-pitched instrument with a harpsichord during the Baroque period?
What term refers to a piece originally written for an instrument and then arranged for an orchestra?
What term refers to a piece originally written for an instrument and then arranged for an orchestra?
What is an instrumental genre of the Baroque period for one instrument with a piano part called?
What is an instrumental genre of the Baroque period for one instrument with a piano part called?
What is the Italian dynamic term that means very soft?
What is the Italian dynamic term that means very soft?
What is the Italian dynamic term that means very loud?
What is the Italian dynamic term that means very loud?
What does the Italian tempo term 'Adagio' mean?
What does the Italian tempo term 'Adagio' mean?
Who is the Classical period German composer regarded as the bridge to the Romantic period?
Who is the Classical period German composer regarded as the bridge to the Romantic period?
Who is the Classical period Austrian composer known for operas, concertos, and symphonies?
Who is the Classical period Austrian composer known for operas, concertos, and symphonies?
What is a melodic idea used as the basis of a musical composition called?
What is a melodic idea used as the basis of a musical composition called?
What term refers to the philosophical outlook based on knowledge in eighteenth-century Europe?
What term refers to the philosophical outlook based on knowledge in eighteenth-century Europe?
What is the first major section of a sonata form movement called?
What is the first major section of a sonata form movement called?
What section in a sonata form movement manipulates the main themes before returning them?
What section in a sonata form movement manipulates the main themes before returning them?
What is the section near the end of a movement in sonata form called?
What is the section near the end of a movement in sonata form called?
What is a section of music that comes before the main body of a movement called?
What is a section of music that comes before the main body of a movement called?
What is a classical genre consisting of two violins, viola, and cello called?
What is a classical genre consisting of two violins, viola, and cello called?
What term describes music that represents something extra-musical?
What term describes music that represents something extra-musical?
What is the musical trend in the nineteenth century emphasizing national heritage?
What is the musical trend in the nineteenth century emphasizing national heritage?
Who is the Romantic period Russian nationalist composer known for his operas?
Who is the Romantic period Russian nationalist composer known for his operas?
What late nineteenth-century musical style is associated with Claude Debussy?
What late nineteenth-century musical style is associated with Claude Debussy?
Who is the Russian Romantic period composer known for symphonies and ballet music?
Who is the Russian Romantic period composer known for symphonies and ballet music?
Who is the Czech composer noted for the New World Symphony?
Who is the Czech composer noted for the New World Symphony?
What is a twentieth-century compositional style that organizes pitches randomly called?
What is a twentieth-century compositional style that organizes pitches randomly called?
What does the term Atonality refer to in music?
What does the term Atonality refer to in music?
Who is the Austrian-born composer known for both atonal and serial techniques?
Who is the Austrian-born composer known for both atonal and serial techniques?
What is the early twentieth-century musical style associated with harsh dissonance called?
What is the early twentieth-century musical style associated with harsh dissonance called?
What is the twentieth-century style that looks to earlier eras for ideals called?
What is the twentieth-century style that looks to earlier eras for ideals called?
What term describes an early attempt at using electronic recording to create music?
What term describes an early attempt at using electronic recording to create music?
Who is the avant-garde composer noted for incorporating chance in his works?
Who is the avant-garde composer noted for incorporating chance in his works?
Who is the twentieth-century American composer known for blending jazz and classical styles?
Who is the twentieth-century American composer known for blending jazz and classical styles?
Who was the first prominent Black American composer known for symphonies and songs?
Who was the first prominent Black American composer known for symphonies and songs?
What is the late twentieth-century style characterized by traditional tonal centers called?
What is the late twentieth-century style characterized by traditional tonal centers called?
Who is a contemporary American minimalist composer?
Who is a contemporary American minimalist composer?
What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for a small group?
What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for a small group?
What Baroque period keyboard genre employs imitative polyphony?
What Baroque period keyboard genre employs imitative polyphony?
What is the process of changing melodies to explore variety called?
What is the process of changing melodies to explore variety called?
What does the structure of a musical composition refer to?
What does the structure of a musical composition refer to?
What is a piano genre of the Romantic period developed by Frédéric Chopin?
What is a piano genre of the Romantic period developed by Frédéric Chopin?
What is another name for a tone poem?
What is another name for a tone poem?
The music of Expressionism often deals with dark subjects.
The music of Expressionism often deals with dark subjects.
Serialism was a 20th-century compositional style applied to instrumental textures only.
Serialism was a 20th-century compositional style applied to instrumental textures only.
What musical style was fostered by Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith, looking to historical eras?
What musical style was fostered by Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith, looking to historical eras?
What term describes late twentieth-century music characterized by tonal centers and repetition?
What term describes late twentieth-century music characterized by tonal centers and repetition?
What term refers to music for a small group of players in a chamber setting?
What term refers to music for a small group of players in a chamber setting?
What is the combined body of work in music called?
What is the combined body of work in music called?
What are melodic embellishments common in the Baroque period called?
What are melodic embellishments common in the Baroque period called?
What is a Baroque period melodic ornament called that alternates rapidly between pitches?
What is a Baroque period melodic ornament called that alternates rapidly between pitches?
What is a Baroque period melodic ornament where the pitch alternates rapidly up and down?
What is a Baroque period melodic ornament where the pitch alternates rapidly up and down?
What is a melodic ornament that resolves to a consonant pitch called?
What is a melodic ornament that resolves to a consonant pitch called?
What does harmonic rhythm refer to in music?
What does harmonic rhythm refer to in music?
Baroque period dynamic ideal in which the volume level changes abruptly rather than gradually is called _____?
Baroque period dynamic ideal in which the volume level changes abruptly rather than gradually is called _____?
What refers to the tonal center of a piece of music?
What refers to the tonal center of a piece of music?
What term refers to music based on tonal centers?
What term refers to music based on tonal centers?
What is the single-movement form consisting of a theme followed by variations called?
What is the single-movement form consisting of a theme followed by variations called?
What is the single-movement form based on thematic development called?
What is the single-movement form based on thematic development called?
What is the flexible approach to rhythmic music called?
What is the flexible approach to rhythmic music called?
What is the ordering of pitches within an octave in serial music called?
What is the ordering of pitches within an octave in serial music called?
What compositional style developed by Schoenberg retains atonality while resembling tonal music?
What compositional style developed by Schoenberg retains atonality while resembling tonal music?
What 20th-century musical style is associated with harsh dissonance and rhythmic qualities?
What 20th-century musical style is associated with harsh dissonance and rhythmic qualities?
What is music that incorporates some element of chance in composition or performance called?
What is music that incorporates some element of chance in composition or performance called?
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Study Notes
Early Concerts and Styles
- Early instrumental concerts were primarily enjoyed by wealthy aristocrats at private estate concert halls.
- Concerts during the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries significantly outlast current concert durations.
- The Classical period's instrumental music emphasized form, clarity, and elegance, contrasting with the emotional expression of the Romantic period.
- The Romantic period is considered the antithesis of the Classical period in musical style and expression.
Orchestral Developments
- Between the Baroque and Romantic periods, orchestras increased in size, enhancing their sound and capability.
- Opera emerged as a staged genre combining music, acting, costumes, scenery, and orchestral accompaniment.
Musical Terminology and Forms
- A patron is a financial supporter of artistic endeavors, crucial for the survival of composers and musicians.
- Publishing houses acquire rights from composers to print, distribute, and sell their music.
- A symphony is an orchestral composition typically structured in four movements, showcasing thematic development.
- A concerto is a three-movement genre for a soloist with orchestral accompaniment, following a Fast-Slow-Fast structure.
Baroque Innovations
- The tone poem is defined as a single-movement orchestral work that carries a programmatic theme.
- Decrescendo refers to a gradual decrease in dynamic level, while terraced dynamics indicate abrupt volume changes typical of the Baroque period.
Key Compositional Techniques
- Basso continuo combines a low-pitched sustaining instrument with a harpsichord for harmonic and rhythmic foundation.
- Thematic development occurs when melodies are varied and manipulated to explore their inherent characteristics.
Dynamic and Tempo Terms
- Italian terms such as pianissimo (very soft), fortissimo (very loud), and adagio (slowly) define dynamic and tempo instructions in musical scores.
Notable Composers
- Ludwig van Beethoven is regarded as a pivotal figure bridging the Classical and Romantic periods.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is celebrated for his operas, concertos, and symphonies, leaving a lasting musical legacy.
Structure and Form Disciplines
- The sonata form comprises three main sections: exposition (presentation of themes), development (manipulation of themes), and recapitulation (thematic restatement).
- A string quartet is a classical ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello.
Cultural Reference in Music
- Program music refers to instrumental music embodying extra-musical elements such as stories or emotions, while nationalism seeks to express cultural heritage through music.
19th and 20th Century Styles
- Modest Mussorgsky, a Russian nationalist composer, is noted for his operas and tone poems.
- Impressionism, led by Claude Debussy, reflects subtleties much akin to contemporary painting, focusing on light and color.
- Serialism organizes pitches randomly, resulting in dissonant music, while atonality describes the absence of a tonal center.
Contemporary Movements
- Avant-garde music emerged in the 20th century as composers experimented with various unique styles and compositions.
- Minimalism is characterized by repetition, layering of motifs, and a traditional tonal center, with prominent figures like Philip Glass.
- Crossover music blends genres, merging classical elements with popular and folk styles.
Additional Musical Elements
- Chamber music is intended for small performer groups, typically played in intimate venues.
- The repertoire signifies the collection of works prepared for performance, while musical ornaments embellish melodies, enhancing their complexity and expressiveness.
- Harmonic rhythm refers to the rate of chord changes within a piece, impacting the overall feel of the music.
Historical Context and Evolution
- Musical styles from the late 19th century onwards reflect diverse cultural influences and thematic explorations, ranging from Romantic emotionalism to 20th-century dissonance and structure explorations like neoclassicism and expressionism.
- The contributions of key composers throughout these periods have shaped the course of Western music, each leaving an indelible mark on its evolution.
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