Music Appreciation Chapter 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Where were early instrumental concerts mostly heard?

By wealthy aristocrats in concert halls on private estates.

Concerts in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth centuries were considerably longer than present-day concerts.

True

What did instrumental music in the Classical period emphasize?

Form, clarity, and elegance.

The Romantic period was the antithesis of the Classical period.

True Signup and view all the answers

From the Baroque through the Romantic periods, how did the orchestra in general change?

Grew larger. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the staged musical genre combining singing, acting, and an orchestra?

Opera. Signup and view all the answers

What is a financial supporter of an artistic endeavor called?

Patron. Signup and view all the answers

What do you call a company that purchases the rights to print, distribute, and sell music?

Publishing House. Signup and view all the answers

What is an orchestral composition usually in four movements called?

Symphony. Signup and view all the answers

What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for one soloist and orchestra?

Concerto. Signup and view all the answers

What is a single-movement orchestral work that is programmatic?

Tone Poem. Signup and view all the answers

What is a philanthropic group organized to support a choral organization called?

Choral Society. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dynamic ideal in the Baroque period where the volume level changes abruptly?

Terraced dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the gradual decrease in the dynamic level?

Decrescendo. Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the instrumental practice of coupling a low-pitched instrument with a harpsichord during the Baroque period?

Basso Continuo. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a piece originally written for an instrument and then arranged for an orchestra?

Orchestrated. Signup and view all the answers

What is an instrumental genre of the Baroque period for one instrument with a piano part called?

Sonata. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Italian dynamic term that means very soft?

Pianissimo. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Italian dynamic term that means very loud?

Fortissimo. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Italian tempo term 'Adagio' mean?

Slowly. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Classical period German composer regarded as the bridge to the Romantic period?

Ludwig van Beethoven. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Classical period Austrian composer known for operas, concertos, and symphonies?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Signup and view all the answers

What is a melodic idea used as the basis of a musical composition called?

Theme. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the philosophical outlook based on knowledge in eighteenth-century Europe?

Age of Enlightenment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first major section of a sonata form movement called?

Exposition. Signup and view all the answers

What section in a sonata form movement manipulates the main themes before returning them?

Development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the section near the end of a movement in sonata form called?

Recapitulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a section of music that comes before the main body of a movement called?

Introduction. Signup and view all the answers

What is a classical genre consisting of two violins, viola, and cello called?

String Quartet. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes music that represents something extra-musical?

Program Music. Signup and view all the answers

What is the musical trend in the nineteenth century emphasizing national heritage?

Nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Romantic period Russian nationalist composer known for his operas?

Modest Mussorgsky. Signup and view all the answers

What late nineteenth-century musical style is associated with Claude Debussy?

Impressionism. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Russian Romantic period composer known for symphonies and ballet music?

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Czech composer noted for the New World Symphony?

Antonin Dvorak. Signup and view all the answers

What is a twentieth-century compositional style that organizes pitches randomly called?

Serialism. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Atonality refer to in music?

The absence of a tonal center. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the Austrian-born composer known for both atonal and serial techniques?

Arnold Schoenberg. Signup and view all the answers

What is the early twentieth-century musical style associated with harsh dissonance called?

Expressionism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the twentieth-century style that looks to earlier eras for ideals called?

Neoclassicism. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an early attempt at using electronic recording to create music?

Musique Concrete. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the avant-garde composer noted for incorporating chance in his works?

John Cage. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the twentieth-century American composer known for blending jazz and classical styles?

George Gershwin. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first prominent Black American composer known for symphonies and songs?

William Grant Still. Signup and view all the answers

What is the late twentieth-century style characterized by traditional tonal centers called?

Minimalism. Signup and view all the answers

Who is a contemporary American minimalist composer?

Philip Glass. Signup and view all the answers

What is a three-movement instrumental genre from the Baroque period for a small group?

Concerto Grosso. Signup and view all the answers

What Baroque period keyboard genre employs imitative polyphony?

Fugue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of changing melodies to explore variety called?

Thematic Development. Signup and view all the answers

What does the structure of a musical composition refer to?

Formal Structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is a piano genre of the Romantic period developed by Frédéric Chopin?

Ballade. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for a tone poem?

Symphonic poem. Signup and view all the answers

The music of Expressionism often deals with dark subjects.

True Signup and view all the answers

Serialism was a 20th-century compositional style applied to instrumental textures only.

False Signup and view all the answers

What musical style was fostered by Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith, looking to historical eras?

Neo-Classicism. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes late twentieth-century music characterized by tonal centers and repetition?

Minimalism. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to music for a small group of players in a chamber setting?

Chamber Music. Signup and view all the answers

What is the combined body of work in music called?

Repertoire. Signup and view all the answers

What are melodic embellishments common in the Baroque period called?

Ornaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Baroque period melodic ornament called that alternates rapidly between pitches?

Trill. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Baroque period melodic ornament where the pitch alternates rapidly up and down?

Turn. Signup and view all the answers

What is a melodic ornament that resolves to a consonant pitch called?

Appoggiature. Signup and view all the answers

What does harmonic rhythm refer to in music?

The relative rate at which harmonies change. Signup and view all the answers

Baroque period dynamic ideal in which the volume level changes abruptly rather than gradually is called _____?

Terraced Dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the tonal center of a piece of music?

Key. Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to music based on tonal centers?

Tonality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the single-movement form consisting of a theme followed by variations called?

Theme and Variation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the single-movement form based on thematic development called?

Sonata Form. Signup and view all the answers

What is the flexible approach to rhythmic music called?

Rubato. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ordering of pitches within an octave in serial music called?

Tone Row. Signup and view all the answers

What compositional style developed by Schoenberg retains atonality while resembling tonal music?

Twelve-tone Music. Signup and view all the answers

What 20th-century musical style is associated with harsh dissonance and rhythmic qualities?

Primitivism. Signup and view all the answers

What is music that incorporates some element of chance in composition or performance called?

Aleatoric Music. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Concerts and Styles

Early instrumental concerts were primarily enjoyed by wealthy aristocrats at private estate concert halls.
Concerts during the late 18th and throughout the 19th centuries significantly outlast current concert durations.
The Classical period's instrumental music emphasized form, clarity, and elegance, contrasting with the emotional expression of the Romantic period.
The Romantic period is considered the antithesis of the Classical period in musical style and expression.

Orchestral Developments

Between the Baroque and Romantic periods, orchestras increased in size, enhancing their sound and capability.
Opera emerged as a staged genre combining music, acting, costumes, scenery, and orchestral accompaniment.

Musical Terminology and Forms

A patron is a financial supporter of artistic endeavors, crucial for the survival of composers and musicians.
Publishing houses acquire rights from composers to print, distribute, and sell their music.
A symphony is an orchestral composition typically structured in four movements, showcasing thematic development.
A concerto is a three-movement genre for a soloist with orchestral accompaniment, following a Fast-Slow-Fast structure.

Baroque Innovations

The tone poem is defined as a single-movement orchestral work that carries a programmatic theme.
Decrescendo refers to a gradual decrease in dynamic level, while terraced dynamics indicate abrupt volume changes typical of the Baroque period.

Key Compositional Techniques

Basso continuo combines a low-pitched sustaining instrument with a harpsichord for harmonic and rhythmic foundation.
Thematic development occurs when melodies are varied and manipulated to explore their inherent characteristics.

Dynamic and Tempo Terms

Italian terms such as pianissimo (very soft), fortissimo (very loud), and adagio (slowly) define dynamic and tempo instructions in musical scores.

Notable Composers

Ludwig van Beethoven is regarded as a pivotal figure bridging the Classical and Romantic periods.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is celebrated for his operas, concertos, and symphonies, leaving a lasting musical legacy.

Structure and Form Disciplines

The sonata form comprises three main sections: exposition (presentation of themes), development (manipulation of themes), and recapitulation (thematic restatement).
A string quartet is a classical ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello.

Cultural Reference in Music

Program music refers to instrumental music embodying extra-musical elements such as stories or emotions, while nationalism seeks to express cultural heritage through music.

19th and 20th Century Styles

Modest Mussorgsky, a Russian nationalist composer, is noted for his operas and tone poems.
Impressionism, led by Claude Debussy, reflects subtleties much akin to contemporary painting, focusing on light and color.
Serialism organizes pitches randomly, resulting in dissonant music, while atonality describes the absence of a tonal center.

Contemporary Movements

Avant-garde music emerged in the 20th century as composers experimented with various unique styles and compositions.
Minimalism is characterized by repetition, layering of motifs, and a traditional tonal center, with prominent figures like Philip Glass.
Crossover music blends genres, merging classical elements with popular and folk styles.

Additional Musical Elements

Chamber music is intended for small performer groups, typically played in intimate venues.
The repertoire signifies the collection of works prepared for performance, while musical ornaments embellish melodies, enhancing their complexity and expressiveness.
Harmonic rhythm refers to the rate of chord changes within a piece, impacting the overall feel of the music.

Historical Context and Evolution

Musical styles from the late 19th century onwards reflect diverse cultural influences and thematic explorations, ranging from Romantic emotionalism to 20th-century dissonance and structure explorations like neoclassicism and expressionism.
The contributions of key composers throughout these periods have shaped the course of Western music, each leaving an indelible mark on its evolution.

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Test your knowledge from Music Appreciation Chapter 8 with these flashcards. Explore the characteristics of early instrumental concerts and discover how they catered to the wealthy. Understand the form and elegance emphasized during the Classical period.