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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is a syndesmosis?
What type of joint is a syndesmosis?
Which type of suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones?
Which type of suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones?
What is the primary function of the periodontal ligament in a gomphosis joint?
What is the primary function of the periodontal ligament in a gomphosis joint?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a bony joint?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a bony joint?
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What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What is the term for the study of musculoskeletal movement?
What is the term for the study of musculoskeletal movement?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about fibrous joints?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about fibrous joints?
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What is the primary function of the sutures in the skull?
What is the primary function of the sutures in the skull?
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Which bone in the upper limb articulates with the clavicle and scapula?
Which bone in the upper limb articulates with the clavicle and scapula?
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Which two bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Which two bones make up the pectoral girdle?
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Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?
Which of the following is a sesamoid bone?
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Which bone is the longest bone in the human body?
Which bone is the longest bone in the human body?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the hand?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the hand?
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What is the name of the joint formed between the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
What is the name of the joint formed between the ilium, ischium, and pubis?
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How many bones are in the carpal region of the hand?
How many bones are in the carpal region of the hand?
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Which of the following bones is located in the ankle?
Which of the following bones is located in the ankle?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvic girdle?
Which of the following bones is NOT part of the pelvic girdle?
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What is the name of the largest bone in the foot?
What is the name of the largest bone in the foot?
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Which of the following structures is NOT a characteristic feature of a typical vertebra?
Which of the following structures is NOT a characteristic feature of a typical vertebra?
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Which of the following bones forms the upper jaw and most of the hard palate?
Which of the following bones forms the upper jaw and most of the hard palate?
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What specific structure in the second cervical vertebra (axis) allows for rotation of the head?
What specific structure in the second cervical vertebra (axis) allows for rotation of the head?
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Which of the following is NOT a true rib?
Which of the following is NOT a true rib?
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Which of the following features is characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae?
Which of the following features is characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae?
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The 'foramen magnum' is a prominent opening found in which bone?
The 'foramen magnum' is a prominent opening found in which bone?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of abnormal spinal curvature?
Which of the following is NOT a type of abnormal spinal curvature?
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the sacrum?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the sacrum?
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Which bone forms the cheekbone and projects posteriorly?
Which bone forms the cheekbone and projects posteriorly?
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The 'superior orbital fissure' is an example of which type of opening in bone?
The 'superior orbital fissure' is an example of which type of opening in bone?
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Which of the following is classified as a short bone?
Which of the following is classified as a short bone?
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What is the name of the small, flat, sesame seed-shaped bone found in the knee?
What is the name of the small, flat, sesame seed-shaped bone found in the knee?
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Which of the following bones does NOT articulate directly with the sternum?
Which of the following bones does NOT articulate directly with the sternum?
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The 'intertubucular sulcus' is an example of which type of bony feature?
The 'intertubucular sulcus' is an example of which type of bony feature?
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Which of the following bones forms part of the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity?
Which of the following bones forms part of the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity?
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What structure holds the head of the radius in place at the radioulnar joint?
What structure holds the head of the radius in place at the radioulnar joint?
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What structure deepens the socket of the hip joint?
What structure deepens the socket of the hip joint?
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Which ligament does NOT contribute to the stability of the hip joint?
Which ligament does NOT contribute to the stability of the hip joint?
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Which joint is described as the most complex diarthrosis?
Which joint is described as the most complex diarthrosis?
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What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint classified as?
What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint classified as?
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Which ligaments limit anterior and posterior sliding movements of the knee?
Which ligaments limit anterior and posterior sliding movements of the knee?
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In the knee joint, what do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent?
In the knee joint, what do the medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent?
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Why does a torn ligament in the knee take a long time to recover?
Why does a torn ligament in the knee take a long time to recover?
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Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and is typically freely movable?
Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and is typically freely movable?
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What type of connective tissue primarily composes the interosseus membrane that unites the radius to the ulna?
What type of connective tissue primarily composes the interosseus membrane that unites the radius to the ulna?
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Which type of cartilaginous joint allows for only slight movement and is characterized by bones joined by fibrocartilage?
Which type of cartilaginous joint allows for only slight movement and is characterized by bones joined by fibrocartilage?
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Which structure in a synovial joint helps to reduce friction and nourish articular cartilages?
Which structure in a synovial joint helps to reduce friction and nourish articular cartilages?
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What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?
What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?
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Which type of cartilaginous joint is commonly found between the ribs and the sternum?
Which type of cartilaginous joint is commonly found between the ribs and the sternum?
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What type of tissue are tendons primarily composed of?
What type of tissue are tendons primarily composed of?
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Which joint type primarily features collagenous fibers and is considered the most movable among fibrous joints?
Which joint type primarily features collagenous fibers and is considered the most movable among fibrous joints?
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What role does the articular capsule play in synovial joints?
What role does the articular capsule play in synovial joints?
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Which type of cartilage primarily composes the articular surfaces of synovial joints?
Which type of cartilage primarily composes the articular surfaces of synovial joints?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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What type of ossification involves the replacement of a cartilage model by bone?
What type of ossification involves the replacement of a cartilage model by bone?
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Which cell type is responsible for the synthesis of new bone matrix?
Which cell type is responsible for the synthesis of new bone matrix?
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What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
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Which of the following statements about spongy bone is true?
Which of the following statements about spongy bone is true?
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What composes the extracellular matrix of bone?
What composes the extracellular matrix of bone?
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Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to decrease blood calcium levels?
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to decrease blood calcium levels?
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Which part of the bone is filled with red or yellow marrow?
Which part of the bone is filled with red or yellow marrow?
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What is the term for the process of converting cartilage tissue to bone tissue?
What is the term for the process of converting cartilage tissue to bone tissue?
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Which type of joint movement allows for rotation around a single axis?
Which type of joint movement allows for rotation around a single axis?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Joints
- Joints are the points where two or more bones meet
- They are essential for movement and support within the body
- They are classified based on the material connecting the bones and the degree of movement allowed
Objectives
- Arthrology: the study of joints
- Kinesiology: the study of musculoskeletal movement
- Joints classified by freedom of movement:
- Diarthrosis (freely movable)
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
- Synarthrosis (little or no movement)
- Classified by how adjacent bones are joined:
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Bony
- Synovial
- Articulation : when bones come together to form joints
Bony Joint (Synostosis)
- Gap between two bones ossifies
- Can occur in fibrous or cartilaginous joints
- Examples:
- Frontal and mandibular bones in infants
- Cranial sutures in elderly
- Attachment of the first rib and sternum
Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis)
- Collagen fibers span space between bones
- Examples:
- Sutures
- Gomphoses
- Syndesmoses
Fibrous Joint -- Sutures
- Immovable fibrous joints
- Bind skull bones together
- Types:
- Serrate (interlocking lines) - coronal, sagittal, lambdoid
- Lap (overlapping beveled edges) - temporal and parietal
- Plane (straight nonoverlapping edges) - palatine processes of the maxillae
Fibrous Joint -- Gomphoses
- Attachment of a tooth to its socket
- Held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
- Collagen fibers attach tooth to jawbone
- Some movement while chewing
Fibrous Joint -- Syndesmoses
- Two bones bound by ligament only
- Most movable of fibrous joints
- Examples:
- Interosseous membranes uniting radius to ulna and tibia to fibula
- Radio-ulnar joints
Cartilaginous Joint
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
Cartilaginous Joint - Synchondrosis
- Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
- Example: rib attachment to sternum
- Other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints
- Epiphyseal plate in children binds epiphysis and diaphysis
Cartilaginous Joint - Symphysis
- Two bones joined by fibrocartilage
- Examples:
- Pubic symphysis
- Intervertebral discs
- Provides flexibility to the spine
Synovial Joint
- Space called a joint cavity separates two bones
- Most are freely movable
- Examples:
- Humeroscapular joint
- Elbow joint
- Hip joint
- Knee joint
General Anatomy of Synovial Joint
- Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
- Continuous with periosteum, lined by synovial membrane
- Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage
- Synovial fluid is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
- Nourishes the articular cartilage
- Removes wastes
- Prevents friction during movements
Knee Joint
- Most complex diarthrosis
- Tibiofemoral = gliding joint with slight rotation
- Patellofemoral
- Joint capsule anteriorly consists of patella
- Extensions of quadriceps femoris tendon
- Capsule strengthened by extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
Accessory Structures (Knee Joint)
- Menisci: cartilages that extend inward, improve the fit between bones, stabilize the joint, reduce the chance of dislocation
- Tendon : attaches muscle to bone
- Ligament : attaches bone to bone (exposed to flex and extension)
- Bursa (cushion): fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, between adjacent muscles, bone, and skin
- Bursitis: inflammation of bursa
Axes of Rotation
- Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom (multiaxial)
- Other joints are uniaxial or biaxial
Types of Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Gliding
- Condyloid (ellipsoid)
- Saddle
Ball-and-Socket Joints
- Smooth hemispherical head fits in cuplike depression
- Glenoid cavity of scapula
- Head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
- Multiaxial
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) Joints
- Oval convex surface on one bone to similarly shaped depression on the next
- Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
- Metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers
Saddle Joints
- Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle (concave in one direction, convex in the other)
- Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
- Biaxial
Gliding Joints
- Flat articular surfaces slide over each other
- Limited uniaxial
- Amphiarthroses
Hinge Joints
- One bone with convex surface fits into concave depression on other bone
- Examples: ulna and humerus at elbow, femur and tibia at knee, finger and toe joints
- Uniaxial
Pivot Joints
- One bone has a projection that fits into the ringlike ligament of another bone
- Rotation of the first bone on its axis relative to the other bone
- Examples:
- Atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
- Proximal radioulnar joint
Movements of Head and Trunk
- Flexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion
- Rotation of trunk or head
Movements of Mandible
- Lateral excursion from (sideways movement)
- Medial excursion (movement back to the midline)
Movements of Hand and Digits
- Radial and ulnar flexion
- Abduction of fingers and thumb
- Opposition of thumb
- Reposition of fingers
Movements of the Foot
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
- Inversion
- Eversion
The Glenohumeral Joint
- Most freely movable joint in the body
- Deepened by glenoid labrum
- Supported by three glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament and biceps tendon
- Important joint stabilizer musculature - rotator cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis attaches to the glenoid cavity to make the shoulder joint stable
- 4 bursae associated with shoulder joint
Stabilizers of the Shoulder Joint
- Subacromial bursa
- Supraspinatus muscle
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Subdeltoid bursa
- Subscapularis tendon
- Transverse humeral ligament
- Biceps brachii tendon
- Glenohumeral ligaments
Tendons of Rotator Cuff Muscles
- Supraspinatus
- Subdeltoid bursa
- Infraspinatus
- Glenoid cavity (articular cartilage)
- Teres minor
- Synovial membrane
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Superior glenohumeral ligament
- Biceps brachii tendon
- Subscapular bursa
- Subscapularis tendon
- Middle glenohumeral ligament
- Inferior glenohumeral ligament
Dissection of Shoulder Joint
- Acromioclavicular joint
- Acromion of scapula
- Clavicle
- Head of humerus
- Coracobrachialis muscle
- Deltoid muscle
- Pectoralis major muscle
- Biceps brachii muscle (short and long head)
The Elbow Joint
- Single joint capsule enclosing the humeroulnar and humeroradial joints
- Humeroulnar joint is supported by collateral ligaments
- Radioulnar joint has head of radius held in place by anular ligament encircling the head
The Hip Joint
- Head of femur articulates with acetabulum,
- deepening acetabular labrum
- Blood supply to head of femur found in ligament of the head of femur,
- Joint capsule strengthened by ligaments
Dissection of Hip Joint
- Acetabular labrum
- Acetabulum
- Head of femur
- Greater trochanter
- Round ligament
- Shaft of femur
The Knee Joint
- Tibiofemoral = gliding joint with slight rotation
- Patellofemoral
- Joint capsule anteriorly consists of patella and extensions of quadriceps femoris tendon
- Capsule strengthened by extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments
Knee Joint - Sagittal Section
- Bursa under lateral head of gastrocnemius
- Joint capsule
- Articular cartilage
- Meniscus
Knee Joint - Anterior and Posterior Views
- Anterior and lateral cruciate ligaments limit anterior and posterior sliding movements
- Medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent rotation of extended knee
Knee Joint - Superior View
- Medial and lateral meniscus absorb shock and shape the joint
Dissection of Knee Joint
- Femur - Shaft, Patellar surface, Medial/Lateral condyle
- Joint capsule
- Anterior/Posterior cruciate ligament
- Medial/Lateral meniscus
- Tibia - Lateral/Medial condyle, Tuberosity
- Patellar ligament
- Patella (posterior surface)
- Articular facets
- Quadriceps tendon
Arthritis
- Arthritis is a broad term for pain and inflammation
- Osteoarthritis: years of wear and tear
- Articular cartilage softens and degenerates, accompanied by crackling sounds (crepitus)
- Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
- Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune attack on the joint
- Antibodies attack synovial membrane and enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the cartilage
- Bones may ossify (grow together) , remissions (periods of relief) can occur
- Steroids and aspirin may be used to control inflammation
Joint Prostheses
- Artificial joints replace diseased joints
Learning Outcomes Skeletal System (Part 1)
- Functions
- Support
- Movement
- Protection
- Storage of minerals and lipids
- Blood cell production
- Structures of bone
- Diaphysis
- Epiphyses
- Metaphysis
- Articular cartilage
- Marrow cavity
- Red or yellow marrow
- Compact bone
- Osteons arranged around central canals/Haversian canals
- Formed layers/Lamallae
- Projections from osteocytes/canaliculi
- Perforating canals/Volkmann channels extend between adjacent osteons
- Spongy Bone
- Trabeculae (no central canals)
- Ossification
- Intramembranous: begins with ossification center/osteoblast differentiation, dermal bone formation
- Endochondral: cartilage model replaced by bone, increasing bone length, appositional growth increases bone diameter
- Bone shapes
- Long
- Flat
- Short
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
- Sutural
Division of Skeleton
- Axial
- Appendicular - Pectoral girdle (Scapula, Clavicle) - Pelvic girdle (Ilium, Pubis, Ischium) - Upper limbs (Humerus, Radius, Ulna, etc.) - Lower limbs (Femur, Tibia, Fibula, etc.)
Openings, Processes, and Parts in Bone
- Openings
- Fissure
- Foramen
- Fossa
- Sulcus
- Meatus
- Processes
- Condyle
- Facet
- Head
- Crest
- Epicondyle
- Line
- Tuberosity
- Tubercule
Hyoid Bones, Auditory Ossicles, and Vertebral Anatomy
- Hyoid bone:
- Unpaired
- U-shaped
- Suspended from/by temporal bone via ligaments and muscles
- Supports the larynx
- Auditory ossicles:
- 6 (malleus, incus, stapes) - left and right
- Vertebral anatomy:
- Vertebra: body, pedicle/roof of vertebral arch, lamina, superior/inferior
articular process, transverse process, separated by intervertebral discs.
- Cervical vertebrae
- Thoracic vertebrae
- Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum and coccyx
- Spinal curvature
- Vertebra: body, pedicle/roof of vertebral arch, lamina, superior/inferior
articular process, transverse process, separated by intervertebral discs.
- Rib anatomy
- Costal rib
- False rib
- Floating ribs
- Sternum
Joint classification
- Fibrous
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Syndesmosis
- Cartilaginous
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis
- Synovial
- Examples: ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, condyloid, saddle
- Degree of Movement
- No Movement/Immovable/Synarthrosis
- Slight Movement/Slightly Movable/Amphiarthrosis
- Free Movement/Freely Movable/Diarthrosis
- Ligaments and tendons
Joint Problems With Aging
- Joint problems associated with aging
- Rheumatism.
- General term for pain and stiffness.
- Arthritis
- All rheumatic diseases affecting synovial joints.
- Musculoskeletal system
- Encompasses extensive interactions between the muscular and skeletal systems
- Osteopenia and osteoporosis
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Description
Test your knowledge of joints, bones, and their functions in the musculoskeletal system. This quiz covers various types of joints, specific bones, and their anatomical relationships. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.
