Musculoskeletal Issues and Treatments

A sudden twist or wrench of a joint, stretching or twisting ligaments, sometimes with tearing.

Injury to a muscle, often from overuse, resulting in swelling and pain.

Falls in elderly people are more likely to cause fractures, especially in women due to osteoporosis. Referral to a doctor is recommended.

Strenuous activities like gardening or exercise can cause muscle pain.

Bruising from injury is common. However, unexpected bruising can signal serious conditions like blood disorders or adverse drug reactions.

Head injuries, especially in children, require immediate medical attention due to potential severity.

Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac that reduces friction during movement. Usually characterized by joint swelling, pain, and tenderness.

A common condition resulting in stiff, painful shoulder.

Shoulder pain, often worse at night, potentially radiating to the arm. Common in patients over a certain age.

Pain in one or more joints. Often includes swelling, inflammation, stiffness, and limited movement.

Pain in the lower back, frequently from muscle strain. Usually from activities like gardening or lifting.

Severe back pain radiating down one or both legs, indicating a possible nerve issue.

Less common back pain in the middle or upper back, lasting for several days. Requires further medical evaluation.

Pain in the back, typically lower and to the sides. May be associated with urine problems.

Chronic upper limb pain caused by repetitive hand movements, often at work.

Pain in one or both arms. Possible creaking sounds (crepitus) in the wrist when moving.

Pain relievers (like painkillers or NSAIDs) a doctor recommends.

Side effects from treatment, potentially harmful or unpleasant.

If pain is severe, not improving, or interacting with other medications, see a doctor.

Treating a condition with non-prescription remedies.

Medicine not alleviating the pain.

Pain relief from musculoskeletal problems typically observed within 5 days.

Pain relief applied directly to the affected area.

Pain reliever and fever reducer with limited anti-inflammatory properties.

High doses of codeine can cause respiratory depression, meaning it slows down breathing.

Some pain relievers contain caffeine to increase alertness and mental focus.

Topical pain relievers often work due to the placebo effect—the act of applying them stimulates blood flow and nerves, reducing pain.

These medications cause blood vessel widening (vasodilation) in the area they're applied to, creating a feeling of warmth.

Methyl salicylate is a common and effective ingredient in counterirritants.

Menthol initially produces a cooling sensation, followed by warmth when applied topically.

Capsaicin causes a warming sensation when applied to the skin, used in some topical pain relief products.

People with asthma, hay fever, or hives (urticaria) who are sensitive to aspirin should avoid topical NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).

Glucosamine and chondroitin are supplements that may help reduce Osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms. Glucosamine stimulates cartilage production, while chondroitin inhibits cartilage destruction.

RICE is an acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation, a first-aid treatment for sprains and strains. It aims to reduce swelling and pain.

Heat can soothe pain after the acute phase of an injury (1-2 days). However, applying heat immediately can worsen swelling.

Maintaining good posture, lifting correctly, using a supportive mattress, and managing weight can help prevent recurrent back pain.

Topical analgesics should be kept away from eyes, mouth, and open wounds. Contact can cause intense pain and irritation.

Sprains involve stretching or tearing of ligaments. RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) helps reduce swelling and promote healing.

Strains involve injuries to muscles, often caused by overuse or strain. RICE helps manage pain and inflammation.

Good posture, proper lifting techniques, a supportive mattress, and weight management can significantly reduce the risk of back pain.

A worldwide increase in obesity rates, particularly in developed countries.

A measure of body fat based on weight and height. Calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m2).

Overweight: BMI of 25 or more. Obesity: BMI of 30 or more.

Obesity often arises from an imbalance between energy intake (food) and energy expenditure (exercise).

Certain medical conditions like hypothyroidism can cause weight gain.

Even a small weight loss (5-10 kg) can have significant health benefits, such as reducing mortality and improving blood pressure.

Over-the-counter medication for weight loss, available to those over 18 with a BMI of 28 or greater.

Orlistat is contraindicated in individuals with kidney disease, renal stones, and those taking thyroxine for hypothyroidism.