Musculoskeletal Disorders

Study Notes

Classification of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Musculoskeletal disorders can be classified into Acquired and Congenital conditions
Acquired conditions can be further classified into Cumulative, Traumatic, Degenerative, Systemic, Medical, Autoimmune, Genetic, Developmental, Infectious, Neoplasmic, and Chemical disorders
Congenital conditions can be classified into Localized and Generalized disorders

Musculoskeletal Tissues

Musculoskeletal tissues can be classified into "Hard" tissues (Bone, Cartilage) and Soft tissues (Muscle, Tendon, Ligament, Synovium, Fascia, Skin, Peripheral Bursa, Vessels, Nerve, Brain, and Spinal Cord)
Axial and Peripheral musculoskeletal tissues can be affected by disorders

Etiology of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Musculoskeletal disorders can be caused by Traumatic, Cumulative, Degenerative, Mechanical, or Non-mechanical factors
Etiology can also be classified into "Hard" tissue vs Soft tissue, Acquired vs Congenital, and Traumatic vs Cumulative/Degenerative disorders

Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems

Injuries to musculoskeletal tissues can elicit nociceptive pain
Injuries to peripheral nerves and central nervous system can elicit neuropathic pain and other manifestations

Traumatic Injury of Bone

Fractures are a disruption of bone continuity
Types of fractures include open, close, transverse, oblique, greenstick, spiral, avulsion, intra-articular fractures, etc.
Management of fractures includes Splintage, Closed reduction, Open reduction, Internal fixation, and External fixation

Traumatic Injury of Soft Tissue

Torn Tendons (Strain) can cause nociceptive pain
Nerve Impingement can cause neuropathic pain
Closed tendon injuries can cause frayed/degenerated tendon
Open tendon injuries can cause open rupture or cut of the tendon
Management of torn tendons includes Surgical process, Injection of anti-inflammatory agent, Restriction of activity with splints, and Surgical interventions

Cumulative/Degenerative Conditions

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition initiated by local deterioration of articular cartilage
It can cause secondary inflammation of the synovial membrane
Sites commonly affected include weight-bearing synovial joints, such as hip and knee
Signs and Symptoms include pain, spasm of surrounding muscles, restricted AROM and PROM, and associated crepitus

Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators
Signs and Symptoms of inflammation include Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, and Loss of function
Subtypes of inflammation include specific infections, nonspecific and idiopathic inflammatory types, inflammation caused by chemical irritants, and chronic inflammation caused by repeated physical injury

Infectious Conditions

Pyogenic infections can cause osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and tenosynovitis
Soft tissues are frequently infected by pyogenic bacteria due to high incidence of minor hand injuries
Management of pyogenic infections includes the concentration of appropriate antibiotics in the blood and at the site of infection
Granulomatous infections can cause tuberculous osteomyelitis and tuberculous arthritis
Management of granulomatous infections includes excision and drug treatment

Congenital Conditions

Congenital conditions can be caused by Genetic defects, Environmental influences, or a combination of both
Types of congenital conditions include Localized and Generalized disorders
Diagnosis can be made Antenatally or Postnatally
Treatments include Therapeutic drugs, Orthopedic apparatus and appliances, OT/PT, Surgical repair and reconstruction, and Electrical stimulation

Description

This quiz covers the classification of musculoskeletal disorders, including acquired, degenerative, and traumatic disorders, as well as the different types and etiologies of musculoskeletal disorders.