Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many groups should students form when examining children?
How many groups should students form when examining children?
- 2 (correct)
- 1
- 4
- 3
What guidelines should students use during the examination?
What guidelines should students use during the examination?
- Online tutorials
- Peer discussions
- Verbal instructions from the teacher
- Written guidelines for examination (correct)
Which is not listed as an age category for physical examination?
Which is not listed as an age category for physical examination?
- Adult (correct)
- Preschool
- Adolescent
- Newborn
What is one of the specific techniques similar to adult examinations?
What is one of the specific techniques similar to adult examinations?
Which approach differs when examining children compared to adults?
Which approach differs when examining children compared to adults?
What are Ortolani's and Barlow's signs used to assess?
What are Ortolani's and Barlow's signs used to assess?
Which musculoskeletal detail is assessed for deformity, symmetry, edema, and clubbing?
Which musculoskeletal detail is assessed for deformity, symmetry, edema, and clubbing?
What should be avoided when assessing hernias in the genito urinary tract?
What should be avoided when assessing hernias in the genito urinary tract?
What condition is frequently seen under 2 years of age and will spontaneously resolve?
What condition is frequently seen under 2 years of age and will spontaneously resolve?
Which of the following details is NOT assessed in the musculoskeletal system?
Which of the following details is NOT assessed in the musculoskeletal system?
Most cases of which condition will spontaneously descend by several months of life?
Most cases of which condition will spontaneously descend by several months of life?
What should be examined to check for a high arched condition?
What should be examined to check for a high arched condition?
What is not assessed when examining visual acuity?
What is not assessed when examining visual acuity?
Which of the following describes a normal characteristic of the tympanic membrane (TM)?
Which of the following describes a normal characteristic of the tympanic membrane (TM)?
Which part of the ear is associated with the position of the pinna?
Which part of the ear is associated with the position of the pinna?
What should be evaluated to detect caries?
What should be evaluated to detect caries?
What is one tip to help keep a child calm during a pediatric physical exam?
What is one tip to help keep a child calm during a pediatric physical exam?
What should be avoided to ensure a more comfortable pediatric exam?
What should be avoided to ensure a more comfortable pediatric exam?
What is suggested when examining a child who is between 6 months and 2 years old?
What is suggested when examining a child who is between 6 months and 2 years old?
What is a key to success in a pediatric physical exam?
What is a key to success in a pediatric physical exam?
Why is it helpful to show the child what you plan to do during the exam?
Why is it helpful to show the child what you plan to do during the exam?
What is the typical respiratory rate for a school-age child (6-12 years)?
What is the typical respiratory rate for a school-age child (6-12 years)?
Which age group has a heart rate range of 60-100 beats per minute?
Which age group has a heart rate range of 60-100 beats per minute?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal principle of physical examination?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal principle of physical examination?
What is the heart rate range for toddlers (1-3 years)?
What is the heart rate range for toddlers (1-3 years)?
What is the correct respiratory rate range for an infant (birth-1 year)?
What is the correct respiratory rate range for an infant (birth-1 year)?
What is indicated by a short neck in infancy?
What is indicated by a short neck in infancy?
Which finding is associated with meningitis involving the neck?
Which finding is associated with meningitis involving the neck?
Which condition is NOT a common feature examined in the spine?
Which condition is NOT a common feature examined in the spine?
What characteristic is used to describe lymph nodes in a physical examination?
What characteristic is used to describe lymph nodes in a physical examination?
What should be screened for at all ages, especially before puberty?
What should be screened for at all ages, especially before puberty?
What should always be prominently displayed by healthcare workers in the hospital?
What should always be prominently displayed by healthcare workers in the hospital?
Before examining a child, whose permission should be sought?
Before examining a child, whose permission should be sought?
What should take precedence over any personal learning objective during a child's examination?
What should take precedence over any personal learning objective during a child's examination?
In what order should the examination be conducted?
In what order should the examination be conducted?
What is important to maintain when communicating with the child during an examination?
What is important to maintain when communicating with the child during an examination?
How can understanding developmental stages impact the clinical examination?
How can understanding developmental stages impact the clinical examination?
At what age should an infant be measured standing instead of supine?
At what age should an infant be measured standing instead of supine?
Which parameter is not listed under Vital Signs?
Which parameter is not listed under Vital Signs?
Which measurement is recorded with percentiles on a chart?
Which measurement is recorded with percentiles on a chart?
Which anatomical area is not included in the Physical Examination list?
Which anatomical area is not included in the Physical Examination list?
Which factor affects both pulse and respiratory rate?
Which factor affects both pulse and respiratory rate?
What is measured in kilograms for growth parameters?
What is measured in kilograms for growth parameters?
Which skin condition is described by cyanosis?
Which skin condition is described by cyanosis?
What term describes a head shape with an abnormally long and narrow shape?
What term describes a head shape with an abnormally long and narrow shape?
At what age should head circumference be plotted on a growth chart according to the parameters provided?
At what age should head circumference be plotted on a growth chart according to the parameters provided?
Which of the following is NOT a type of head shape mentioned in the list?
Which of the following is NOT a type of head shape mentioned in the list?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal principle of physical examination?
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal principle of physical examination?
What is the term for the condition where the distance between the caruncles is greater than the length of an eye?
What is the term for the condition where the distance between the caruncles is greater than the length of an eye?
What is indicated by a cranial perimeter at birth that is smaller than 34 cm minus 2 standard deviations?
What is indicated by a cranial perimeter at birth that is smaller than 34 cm minus 2 standard deviations?
Which anatomical feature is used to describe the term 'philtrum pillars'?
Which anatomical feature is used to describe the term 'philtrum pillars'?
What does an upward slanting palpebral fissure with an angle greater than 10° indicate?
What does an upward slanting palpebral fissure with an angle greater than 10° indicate?
What is NOT included under the inspection aspects of physical examination?
What is NOT included under the inspection aspects of physical examination?
Where does the external auditory canal belong anatomically?
Where does the external auditory canal belong anatomically?
What is the correct description for retrognatism?
What is the correct description for retrognatism?
Study Notes
Musculoskeletal Assessment
- Gait, symmetry, bulk and tone, strength, range of motion, dyskinetic movements, joint mechanics, and joint swellings and noise are important aspects to evaluate.
Musculoskeletal Details
Back
- Sacral dimple, kyphosis, lordosis, or scoliosis should be checked.
Joints
- Evaluate motion, stability, swelling, and tenderness.
Muscles
- Assess muscle development and tone.
Extremities
- Look for deformity, symmetry, edema, and clubbing.
Gait
- Evaluate in-toeing, out-toeing, bow legs, knock knees, and limping.
Hips
- Perform Ortolani's and Barlow's signs.
Genito Urinary Tract Assessment
External Genitalia
- Inspect external genitalia.
Hernias and Hydrocoeles
- Check for indirect hernias and gently palpate without poking the inguinal canal.
Cryptorchidism
- Distinguish from hyper-retractile testis and note that most cases resolve spontaneously by several months of life.
Tanner Staging
- Use Tanner staging handouts for adolescents.
Rectal and Pelvic Exam
- Only perform when indicated.
Physical Examination
- Examine in groups of 2 using written guidelines.
- Prioritize examination, especially for children who may go home quickly.
Physical Examination Techniques
- Use techniques similar to adults: inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
- Approach and order may differ.
Eyes
- Evaluate symmetry, swelling, lesions, discoloration, lids, epicanthic folds, sclera, pupils, visual acuity, and direct and consensual reflexes.
Ears
- Assess position of the pinna, EAC exam, TM exam, and landmarks like the malleus handle.
Oropharynx
- Evaluate dentition, mucous membranes, enanthems, tongue, palate/uvula, tonsils, and posterior pharynx.
Tips for a Successful Paediatric Physical Exam
- Be friendly, prepared, and patient.
- Use games, distractions, and explanations to comfort the child.
- Be gentle, respectful, and honest.
Be Observant and Make the Best of Unexpected Opportunities
- Position the child appropriately for the examination.
Physical Examination
- Follow the cardinal principles: inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
Pediatric Respiratory and Heart Rates
- Know the normal respiratory rates for different ages:
- Infant (birth-1 year): 30-60 breaths/minute
- Toddler (1-3 years): 24-40 breaths/minute
- Preschooler (3-6 years): 22-34 breaths/minute
- School-age (6-12 years): 18-25 breaths/minute
- Adolescent (12-18 years): 12-16 breaths/minute
- Know the normal heart rates for different ages:
- Infant (birth-1 year): 100-160 beats/minute
- Toddler (1-3 years): 90-150 beats/minute
- Preschooler (3-6 years): 80-140 beats/minute
- School-age (6-12 years): 70-120 beats/minute
- Adolescent (12-18 years): 60-100 beats/minute
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Description
Test your knowledge on musculoskeletal assessment, including gait, symmetry, joint mechanics, and more. Evaluate your understanding of back, joints, muscles, and extremities.
