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Questions and Answers
Which feature of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum?
Which feature of the ethmoid bone forms part of the nasal septum?
What structure is referred to as the 'bump' on the back of the skull?
What structure is referred to as the 'bump' on the back of the skull?
What is the main function of the cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone?
What is the main function of the cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone?
It allows the olfactory nerves to travel through.
The occipital bone is located at the front of the skull.
The occipital bone is located at the front of the skull.
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How many cranial bones are present in the skull?
How many cranial bones are present in the skull?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of the frontal bone?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the frontal bone?
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The temporal bone includes the external acoustic meatus.
The temporal bone includes the external acoustic meatus.
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What is the role of the occipital condyles?
What is the role of the occipital condyles?
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Match the following bones with their features:
Match the following bones with their features:
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Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary?
Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary?
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Smooth muscle tissue is striated.
Smooth muscle tissue is striated.
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What is the primary function of skeletal muscle tissue?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle tissue?
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The less moveable point of muscle attachment is called the ______.
The less moveable point of muscle attachment is called the ______.
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Match the following muscle features with their definitions:
Match the following muscle features with their definitions:
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Which connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?
Which connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?
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What is the role of myofibrils in skeletal muscle?
What is the role of myofibrils in skeletal muscle?
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Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control.
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What type of joint allows for movement?
What type of joint allows for movement?
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What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
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Study Notes
Skull and Features
- Comprised of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.
- Ethmoid bone is centrally located at the roof of the nose, between the eye sockets.
- Identification of bones and features required through lab images.
Ethmoid Bone
- Consists of 5 key features:
- Crista galli: Anchors the brain, preventing movement.
- Perpendicular plate: Contributes to the nasal septum.
- Ethmoid sinus: Cavity structure that helps prevent nasal dryness.
- Cribriform plate: Passage for olfactory nerves involved in smell.
- Olfactory foramina: Small openings within the cribriform plate for olfactory nerves.
Occipital Bone
- Located at the posterior skull, protecting the cerebellum and brainstem.
- Contains 8 features:
- Foramen magnum: Large opening for the brain stem.
- Occipital condyles: Articulates with C1 (atlas vertebra).
- Jugular foramen: Passageway for veins and nerves.
- Superior and inferior nuchal lines: Attachment sites for neck muscles and ligaments.
- External occipital protuberance: External bump serving as a muscle attachment.
- Posterior cranial fossae: Houses brainstem and cerebellum.
- Hypoglossal canal: Passage for nerves.
Parietal Bones
- There are 2 parietal bones located on either side of the skull; no features are necessary for memorization.
Frontal Bone
- Comprises 6 features:
- Glabella: Smooth area above the eyebrows.
- Superciliary arch: Ridge above the eye sockets.
- Supraorbital margin: Upper boundary of the eye orbit.
- Supraorbital foramen: Passage for nerves, arteries, and veins.
- Frontal sinus: Air-filled cavity contributing to sound resonance.
- Anterior cranial fossae: Houses frontal lobes of the brain.
Temporal Bone
- Contains 5 key features:
- External acoustic meatus: Canal leading to inner ear.
- Styloid process: Projection for muscle attachment related to the larynx and tongue.
- Carotid canal: Passageway for the carotid artery.
- Zygomatic process: Forms part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone).
- Mastoid process: Attachment point for neck muscles.
Muscle Tissue Types
- Skeletal muscle tissue: Voluntary, striated, makes up 40% of body weight, located attached to the skeleton.
- Cardiac muscle tissue: Involuntary, striated, located in the walls of the heart.
- Smooth muscle tissue: Involuntary, non-striated, found in the walls of hollow organs like digestive and respiratory tracts.
Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
- Facilitates movement by contracting and moving bones.
- Maintains posture, enabling the body to sit or stand.
- Stabilizes joints for support.
- Regulates temperature through shivering.
Functional Features of Skeletal Muscle
- Contractility: Ability to shorten forcefully.
- Excitability: Responds to motor neuron stimulation.
- Extensibility: Able to stretch without damage.
- Elasticity: Can recoil after being stretched.
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
- Composed of muscle fibers organized into bundles called fascicles.
- Muscle fibers contain myofibrils, which are bundles of contracting proteins.
- Myofibrils consist of myofilaments responsible for muscle contraction.
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
- Contains typical cell components with specific naming:
- Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane.
- Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Connective Tissue Components
- Epimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding fascicles.
- Endomysium: Innermost layer, areolar connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber.
Muscle Attachments
- Connective tissue merges to form tendons, attaching muscles to bones, skin, or other muscles.
- Tendons may be cord-like or flat (aponeurosis).
- Muscles typically extend over joints with attachment points termed origin (less movable) and insertion (more movable).
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
- Found exclusively in the heart wall with one or two nuclei.
- Striated and branched, with intercalated discs connecting adjacent cells.
- Autorhythmic, generating impulses without nervous stimulation; under involuntary control.
Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Located in the walls of various visceral organs and blood vessels.
- Non-striated fibers with one nucleus, contraction triggered by Ca2+ entry.
Introduction to Joints
- Articulations (joints) are where bones meet and are pivotal for movement.
- Allow for mobility while ensuring bone strength, with movement determined by anatomical structure.
Classification of Joints
- Classified by structure:
- Bony (fused bones),
- Fibrous (dense connective tissue joining bones),
- Cartilaginous (joined by cartilage),
- Synovial (fluid-filled cavity separating bones).
- Classified by function:
- Synarthrosis (immobile),
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable),
- Diarthrosis (freely movable).
Fibrous Joints
- Join bones via dense regular connective tissue, with three types:
- Gomphosis: Teeth joints with maxilla and mandible (immobile).
- Sutures: Joints between skull bones (immobile).
- Syndesmoses: Parallel bone joints like radius and ulna; slightly movable.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system, focusing specifically on the bones of the skull, axial skeleton, and appendicular skeleton. This quiz includes important terms related to bone features such as tubercles, malleolus, and styloid processes. Perfect for students learning about human anatomy!
