Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Nervous System Quiz

Components:
- Bones: Provide structure, protect organs, and facilitate movement.
- Muscles: Enable movement through contraction; categorized into skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
- Joints: Connect bones; types include synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous.
Functions:
- Support: Maintains body shape.
- Movement: Leverages bones and muscles for locomotion.
- Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain).
- Mineral Storage: Bones store calcium and phosphorus.
- Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.

Divisions:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain and spinal cord; processes information and coordinates activity.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes all nerves outside the CNS; connects limbs and organs to the CNS.
Functions:
- Sensory Input: Receives stimuli through sensory receptors.
- Integration: Processes and interprets sensory input.
- Motor Output: Initiates responses by activating muscles or glands.
Neurons: Basic units of the nervous system; responsible for transmitting signals.
Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons.

Basic Units of Life:
- Cell Types: Prokaryotic (simpler, no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (complex, with nucleus).
Cell Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through respiration.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier that controls substance entry and exit.
Cell Function:
- Maintain homeostasis, regulate metabolism, and facilitate communication.

Major Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, and gases; includes heart and blood vessels.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food for nutrient absorption; involves mouth, stomach, intestines.
- Endocrine System: Regulates body functions through hormones; includes glands like thyroid and adrenal.
- Immune System: Defends against pathogens; involves white blood cells and lymphatic system.
- Nervous System: Controls body functions through electrical signals; includes CNS and PNS.
- Musculoskeletal System: Provides structure and movement; involves bones, muscles, and joints.
- Integumentary System: Protects body; consists of skin, hair, and nails.
Interconnectivity:
- Body systems work together to maintain homeostasis and support life functions.

Bones: Framework for the body, protect vital organs, and allow for movement through leverage.
Muscles: Responsible for movement via contraction; categorized into skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart muscle).
Joints: Points of connection between bones; classified into three types:
- Synovial (freely movable, e.g., knees)
- Cartilaginous (limited movement, e.g., spinal discs)
- Fibrous (immovable, e.g., skull joints).
Support Function: Sustain body shape and posture.
Movement Function: Integrates muscles and bones for locomotion.
Protection Function: Safeguards essential organs (e.g., the skull protects the brain).
Mineral Storage: Bones act as reservoirs for critical minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces essential blood cells, including red and white blood cells.

Central Nervous System (CNS): Encompasses the brain and spinal cord; central role in information processing and activity coordination.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Comprises all external nerves; connects limbs and organs to the CNS for communication.
Sensory Input: Captures stimuli from the environment through sensory receptors.
Integration: Processes and interprets sensory information to generate responses.
Motor Output: Triggers actions by activating muscles or glands based on processed signals.
Neurons: Fundamental units of the nervous system, specialized for signal transmission.
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers that enable communication between neurons, facilitating the transfer of signals.

Cell Types: Two primary categories:
- Prokaryotic (simple cells without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic (more complex cells with a defined nucleus, e.g., animal and plant cells).
Organelles:
- Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA), directing cellular activity and heredity.
- Mitochondria: Generates ATP, the cell's energy currency, through cellular respiration.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Comprises rough ER (protein synthesis with ribosomes) and smooth ER (lipid synthesis).
- Golgi Apparatus: Processes, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for distribution.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable boundary controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cell Functions: Vital for maintaining homeostasis, regulating metabolic processes, and facilitating intercellular communication.

Circulatory System: Responsible for the transport of blood, nutrients, and gases; key components include the heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System: Engages in gas exchange, primarily through the lungs and airways.
Digestive System: Focuses on food breakdown and nutrient absorption, involving organs such as the mouth, stomach, and intestines.
Endocrine System: Manages bodily functions through hormones; includes various glands, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands.
Immune System: Protects against pathogens through immune responses; involves white blood cells and the lymphatic system.
Nervous System: Oversees and coordinates body functions via electrical impulses; incorporates both CNS and PNS.
Musculoskeletal System: Synthesizes structure and movement, composed of bones, muscles, and joints.
Integumentary System: Provides protective barriers and includes skin, hair, and nails.
Interconnectivity: All body systems collaborate to achieve homeostasis and sustain life processes.