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Questions and Answers
Myofibrils are composed of three kinds of filaments: myosin, actin, and troponin.
Myofibrils are composed of three kinds of filaments: myosin, actin, and troponin.
False
Cnidaria have a fibrillar mechanism to move their bodies.
Cnidaria have a fibrillar mechanism to move their bodies.
False
Somatic muscles control the activities of organs, vessels, or ducts.
Somatic muscles control the activities of organs, vessels, or ducts.
False
In a relaxed state, a muscle receives a nervous stimulus.
In a relaxed state, a muscle receives a nervous stimulus.
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Red muscles are quicker to fatigue.
Red muscles are quicker to fatigue.
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Axial muscles are found in the gills and jaws of fishes.
Axial muscles are found in the gills and jaws of fishes.
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The Muscular System is responsible for maintaining the body's framework.
The Muscular System is responsible for maintaining the body's framework.
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The Muscular System is involved in movement of the body.
The Muscular System is involved in movement of the body.
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The Muscular System is an organ system that secretes hormones.
The Muscular System is an organ system that secretes hormones.
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The Muscular System is responsible for transferring gases and solutes to and from body cells.
The Muscular System is responsible for transferring gases and solutes to and from body cells.
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The Muscular System is made up of individual muscles.
The Muscular System is made up of individual muscles.
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The Muscular System is part of the Integumentary System.
The Muscular System is part of the Integumentary System.
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All invertebrates have an endoskeleton.
All invertebrates have an endoskeleton.
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Chitin is a component of the exoskeletons of mollusks.
Chitin is a component of the exoskeletons of mollusks.
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Somatotropin accelerates protein synthesis in osteoclasts.
Somatotropin accelerates protein synthesis in osteoclasts.
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The vertebral column of fishes only comprises the trunk and tail.
The vertebral column of fishes only comprises the trunk and tail.
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The cranial skeleton forms the brain box in vertebrates.
The cranial skeleton forms the brain box in vertebrates.
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The lumbar region of the vertebral column is present in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
The lumbar region of the vertebral column is present in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Study Notes
Organization of Animal Bodies
- Adult humans have approximately 400 different kinds of cells.
- Tissues are groups of cells of a similar type.
- There are four main types of tissues in vertebrates:
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Organs consist of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
- Organ systems are made up of two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function.
The Internal Environment
- The animal body is mainly fluid by weight.
- The intracellular environment is the bulk of the fluid.
- The extracellular environment surrounds cells and carries away waste products.
- The extracellular environment must stay within a narrow range of solute concentration and temperature for cells to survive.
Organ Systems
- Integumentary system: skin, hair, and nails
- Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves
- Endocrine system: glands and cells that secrete hormones
- Muscular system: individual muscles used to move the body
- Skeletal system: body framework
- Circulatory system: heart and blood vessels
- Lymphatic system: vessels that move fluid from tissues to blood, responsible for immune system
- Respiratory system: lungs and airways
- Digestive system: gut, liver, and pancreas
- Urinary system: kidneys, bladder, and ducts
- Reproductive system: gamete-making organs and ducts
Body Covering
- Protects against injury, abrasion, and disease organisms
- Responds to temperature regulation of body water and temperature
- Has integumentary glands that release secretions that repel or attract
- Functions in concealment, warming, and recognition
Muscular System
- Invertebrate animals:
- Protozoa: amoeboid movement, can contract or extend the one-celled body in any direction
- Cnidaria: T-shaped epitheliomuscular cells, can reduce body length and diameter
- Vertebrate animals:
- Myofibrils: the general structure of muscle fiber, composed of two kinds of filaments: myosin and actin
- Criteria for classifying muscles:
- Color: red (resist fatigue) or white (quicker fatigue)
- Location: somatic (move bone/cartilage) or visceral (control organs, vessels, or ducts)
- Nervous system control: voluntary or involuntary
- Embryonic origin
- Microscopic appearance
Skeletal System
- Invertebrate skeletons:
- Protozoa: secrete form of skeletons of calcareous, siliceous, or organic substances
- Porifera: secrete microscopic internal rods (spicules) or fibers of the same kind of materials
- Cnidaria, echinoderms, mollusks: skeletons mainly lime (CaCo3)
- Arthropods: exoskeleton of organic materials containing chitin
- Vertebrate skeletons:
- Cartilaginous endoskeleton (sharks, rays, and embryos)
- Bony endoskeleton (bony fishes to mammals)
- Osteoblasts (bone-building cells) and osteoclasts (resorbing cells)
Vertebral Column
- Five regions:
- Cervical (neck)
- Thoracic (chest and ribs)
- Lumbar (lower back)
- Sacral (pelvic, joining the hind limb girdle)
- Caudal (tail)
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Description
Quiz about the muscular system in different animal groups, including invertebrates and vertebrates. Learn about the structure and function of muscles in various species.
