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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sternohyoid muscle?
Where is the esophagus located in relation to the trachea?
Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for producing the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis?
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What significant function do the major vessels in the ventral neck serve?
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Which connective tissue cell is involved in fat storage?
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What is the function of the trachea in the ventral neck?
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Which structure is located centrally in the neck, just in front of the esophagus?
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Which muscle is controlled by the Axillary Nerve?
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What is the consequence of loss of function in the Suprascapular Nerve?
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Which of these muscles acts primarily to extend the wrist?
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Which statement accurately reflects the positioning of flexor muscles?
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What muscle actions do carpal muscles perform?
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Which nerve is responsible for controlling triceps brachii?
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What is a consequence of damage to a brachial muscle?
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Which flexor muscles are specifically responsible for bending the wrist?
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Which muscle is the correct site for intramuscular injection in small animals?
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What is an essential step when performing an intramuscular injection in either small animals or horses?
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Which area should be avoided when injecting into the gluteal muscles of horses?
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What should be closely observed when evaluating lameness?
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Which of the following is NOT a major deviation evident in radiographic images of limbs?
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When documenting medical information, which approach should be taken?
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What is the preferred position for administering an intramuscular injection in bovines?
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In which region should intramuscular injections be avoided in ruminants to prevent complications?
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Which ion is more abundant inside mammalian cells?
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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What effect does potassium ion leakage have on the resting membrane potential?
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Which statement accurately describes the equilibrium potential of an ion?
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Why is the resting membrane potential important for cellular function?
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What determines the movement of sodium ions across the cell membrane?
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How does selective permeability of the membrane contribute to maintaining resting membrane potential?
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In what direction do potassium ions typically flow across the cell membrane?
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What is the primary role of calcium and phosphorus in bones?
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Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
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What type of bone is typically longer than it is wide?
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Which process involves bone formation directly from a membrane?
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What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
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Which type of cartilage cell produces the cartilage matrix?
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How does bone respond to mechanical stress according to the given information?
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Which of the following joint structures provides smooth movement between bones?
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Study Notes
Principal Minerals in Bone
- Calcium and phosphorus contribute to bone hardness and strength.
Bone Hormones
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
- Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels by promoting bone formation.
Macroscopic Bone Structure and Function
- Long bones: Longer than wide, exemplified by the femur.
- Short bones: Approximately equal in width and length, such as carpal bones.
- Flat bones: Thin and flat, like those in the skull.
- Irregular bones: Complex shapes including vertebrae.
Cortical vs. Cancellous Bone
- Cortical bone: Dense outer layer providing structural support.
- Cancellous bone: Sponge-like interior facilitating flexibility and lightness.
Bone Formation
- Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops directly from a membrane, typical in skull formation.
- Endochondral ossification: Bone develops from cartilage, essential for long bone formation.
Bone Structure During Development
- Primary ossification center: Initial site for bone formation.
- Secondary ossification centers: Develop later, often at the epiphyseal ends of bones.
Blood Supply to Bone
- Blood supply maintained through small vessels in the Haversian system, crucial for bone health.
Bone Response to Stress and Fracture
- Mechanical stress strengthens bone in areas of frequent use.
- Fracture healing involves the creation of new connective tissue.
Microscopic Structure of Cartilage
- Chondrocytes: Cells responsible for cartilage matrix production.
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Attract water to maintain cartilage hydration.
- Proteoglycans: Provide resistance to compression in cartilage.
- Multiadhesive glycoproteins: Facilitate cell adhesion within cartilage.
Major Protein Fiber in Cartilage
- Collagen: Provides tensile strength and structural support.
General Structure and Functions of Connective Tissue
- Structure: Composed of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix (ECM); serves as body's glue.
- Functions: Supports, connects body parts, stores nutrients, and aids tissue repair.
Joint Structure and Function
- Joints: Connections where bones meet, reinforced by ligaments; often contain cartilage for smooth movement.
Muscles of the Ventral Neck
- Sternohyoid: Attaches sternum to hyoid; lowers hyoid during swallowing.
- Sternothyroid: Attaches sternum to thyroid cartilage; lowers thyroid during swallowing and vocalization.
Ventral Neck Anatomy
- Trachea: Conducts air centrally in the neck, in front of the esophagus.
- Esophagus: Carries food, positioned behind the trachea.
- Nerve trunks: Large nerves in the neck responsible for movement and sensation.
- Major vessels: Include carotid arteries (blood supply to the head) and jugular veins (draining blood to the heart).
Microscopic Features of Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue appears as a blend of cells and ECM, varying from jelly-like to dense.
- Bone microscopy reveals Haversian systems with surrounding hard layers.
- Joint microscopy showcases smooth cartilage and synovial fluid.
Cells in Connective Tissue Proper
- Fibroblasts: Produce and organize the ECM.
- Macrophages: Clear waste from tissues.
- Adipocytes: Store fat for energy.
Cells that Make Up Bone
- Osteoblasts: Synthesize new bone.
- Osteocytes: Maintain bone health.
- Osteoclasts: Resorb old bone tissue.
Major Nerves and Muscles
- Axillary nerve: Innervates deltoid for arm movement.
- Radial nerve: Controls elbow and wrist extensors.
- Musculocutaneous nerve: Governs elbow flexors.
Consequences of Nerve Damage
- Suprascapular nerve loss: Difficulty in arm elevation and shoulder rotation.
- Radial nerve loss: Impaired extension of elbow/wrist, resulting in "wrist drop."
Damage to Brachial Muscle
- Damage leads to weakness or loss of function in the affected muscles.
Major Muscles of the Antebrachium and Manus
- Extensor muscles: Straighten the wrist and fingers; attach from lateral elbow to back of the paw.
- Flexor muscles: Bend the wrist and fingers; attach from medial elbow to front of the paw.
Position and Attachment of Antebrachium Muscles
- Flexor muscles attach to palm or paw underside.
- Extensor muscles attach to back of paw.
Carpal vs. Carpus and Digits Muscles
- Muscles acting solely on the carpus adjust wrist angle.
- Muscles acting on both carpus and digits influence movement of both.
Ionic Concentrations
- Inside mammalian cells: High potassium (K⁺) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) concentrations.
- In extracellular fluid: Elevated sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) levels.
Resting Membrane Potential
- Generated by the sodium-potassium pump and ion leakage, maintaining negative internal charge.
- Crucial for action potentials and intercellular communication.
Direction of Ion Flow
- Sodium ions (Na⁺) enter cells due to higher external concentration.
- Potassium ions (K⁺) exit cells due to higher internal concentration.
Equilibrium Potential of an Ion
- Voltage at which net movement of a specific ion across a membrane ceases.
Intramuscular Injection Sites in Small Animals
- Vastus lateralis in the rear leg, epaxial muscles along the spine, and triceps muscle in the front leg.
Intramuscular Injection Sites in Ruminants
- Cervical region in neck muscles, lateral neck muscles, and gluteal muscles avoiding sciatic nerve.
Intramuscular Injection Sites in Horses
- Similar to ruminants, focusing on cervical and gluteal regions.
Performing IM Injections
- Ensure the animal is secure and calm, choose injection site wisely, insert needle perpendicularly, aspirate, inject, and withdraw carefully.
Communicating Medical Information
- Use precise terminology, document findings clearly, and adhere to standard medical nomenclature.
Radiographic Structures of Limbs
- Normal structures include forelimbs (scapula to phalanges) and hindlimbs (pelvis to phalanges).
- Major deviations include fractures, dislocations, and signs of osteoarthritis.
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Description
Explore the key muscles and major non-muscular structures of the ventral neck in animals. This quiz focuses on the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, their attachments, and actions, as well as other important structures like the trachea and esophagus. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of animal anatomy!
