Muscles of the Ventral Neck in Animals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the sternohyoid muscle?

  • Assists in vocalization
  • Contracts to raise the sternum
  • Lowers the thyroid cartilage
  • Lowers the hyoid bone (correct)
  • Where is the esophagus located in relation to the trachea?

  • In front of the trachea
  • Behind the trachea (correct)
  • Beside the trachea
  • To the left of the trachea
  • Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for producing the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

  • Osteoblasts
  • Adipocytes
  • Fibroblasts (correct)
  • Macrophages
  • What is the role of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis?

    <p>Break down old bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant function do the major vessels in the ventral neck serve?

    <p>They supply blood to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue cell is involved in fat storage?

    <p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the trachea in the ventral neck?

    <p>Conduct air to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located centrally in the neck, just in front of the esophagus?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is controlled by the Axillary Nerve?

    <p>Deltoideus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of loss of function in the Suprascapular Nerve?

    <p>Difficulty lifting the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these muscles acts primarily to extend the wrist?

    <p>Extensor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the positioning of flexor muscles?

    <p>Attach to bones in the palm of the paw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle actions do carpal muscles perform?

    <p>Only move the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for controlling triceps brachii?

    <p>Radial Nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of damage to a brachial muscle?

    <p>Weakness in arm movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flexor muscles are specifically responsible for bending the wrist?

    <p>Flexor carpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is the correct site for intramuscular injection in small animals?

    <p>Vastus Lateralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential step when performing an intramuscular injection in either small animals or horses?

    <p>Aspirate to check for blood vessel location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area should be avoided when injecting into the gluteal muscles of horses?

    <p>Sciatic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be closely observed when evaluating lameness?

    <p>The symmetry of the gait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major deviation evident in radiographic images of limbs?

    <p>Osteosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When documenting medical information, which approach should be taken?

    <p>Document findings using precise and accurate terminology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred position for administering an intramuscular injection in bovines?

    <p>Standing and secured in a squeeze chute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region should intramuscular injections be avoided in ruminants to prevent complications?

    <p>Cervical region avoiding the jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is more abundant inside mammalian cells?

    <p>Potassium (K⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>To pump sodium ions out and potassium ions into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does potassium ion leakage have on the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It contributes to a more negative charge inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the equilibrium potential of an ion?

    <p>It is the voltage at which there is no net movement of that specific ion across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the resting membrane potential important for cellular function?

    <p>It provides the necessary conditions for action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the movement of sodium ions across the cell membrane?

    <p>Electrical attraction to the negative inside of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does selective permeability of the membrane contribute to maintaining resting membrane potential?

    <p>It enables different ions to pass through at varying rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what direction do potassium ions typically flow across the cell membrane?

    <p>Out of the cell due to higher concentration inside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of calcium and phosphorus in bones?

    <p>To make bone hard and strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is typically longer than it is wide?

    <p>Long Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves bone formation directly from a membrane?

    <p>Intramembranous Ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>To hold cells together and provide structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage cell produces the cartilage matrix?

    <p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bone respond to mechanical stress according to the given information?

    <p>It becomes stronger where it’s used frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint structures provides smooth movement between bones?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Principal Minerals in Bone

    • Calcium and phosphorus contribute to bone hardness and strength.

    Bone Hormones

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
    • Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels by promoting bone formation.

    Macroscopic Bone Structure and Function

    • Long bones: Longer than wide, exemplified by the femur.
    • Short bones: Approximately equal in width and length, such as carpal bones.
    • Flat bones: Thin and flat, like those in the skull.
    • Irregular bones: Complex shapes including vertebrae.

    Cortical vs. Cancellous Bone

    • Cortical bone: Dense outer layer providing structural support.
    • Cancellous bone: Sponge-like interior facilitating flexibility and lightness.

    Bone Formation

    • Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops directly from a membrane, typical in skull formation.
    • Endochondral ossification: Bone develops from cartilage, essential for long bone formation.

    Bone Structure During Development

    • Primary ossification center: Initial site for bone formation.
    • Secondary ossification centers: Develop later, often at the epiphyseal ends of bones.

    Blood Supply to Bone

    • Blood supply maintained through small vessels in the Haversian system, crucial for bone health.

    Bone Response to Stress and Fracture

    • Mechanical stress strengthens bone in areas of frequent use.
    • Fracture healing involves the creation of new connective tissue.

    Microscopic Structure of Cartilage

    • Chondrocytes: Cells responsible for cartilage matrix production.
    • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs): Attract water to maintain cartilage hydration.
    • Proteoglycans: Provide resistance to compression in cartilage.
    • Multiadhesive glycoproteins: Facilitate cell adhesion within cartilage.

    Major Protein Fiber in Cartilage

    • Collagen: Provides tensile strength and structural support.

    General Structure and Functions of Connective Tissue

    • Structure: Composed of cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix (ECM); serves as body's glue.
    • Functions: Supports, connects body parts, stores nutrients, and aids tissue repair.

    Joint Structure and Function

    • Joints: Connections where bones meet, reinforced by ligaments; often contain cartilage for smooth movement.

    Muscles of the Ventral Neck

    • Sternohyoid: Attaches sternum to hyoid; lowers hyoid during swallowing.
    • Sternothyroid: Attaches sternum to thyroid cartilage; lowers thyroid during swallowing and vocalization.

    Ventral Neck Anatomy

    • Trachea: Conducts air centrally in the neck, in front of the esophagus.
    • Esophagus: Carries food, positioned behind the trachea.
    • Nerve trunks: Large nerves in the neck responsible for movement and sensation.
    • Major vessels: Include carotid arteries (blood supply to the head) and jugular veins (draining blood to the heart).

    Microscopic Features of Connective Tissue

    • Connective tissue appears as a blend of cells and ECM, varying from jelly-like to dense.
    • Bone microscopy reveals Haversian systems with surrounding hard layers.
    • Joint microscopy showcases smooth cartilage and synovial fluid.

    Cells in Connective Tissue Proper

    • Fibroblasts: Produce and organize the ECM.
    • Macrophages: Clear waste from tissues.
    • Adipocytes: Store fat for energy.

    Cells that Make Up Bone

    • Osteoblasts: Synthesize new bone.
    • Osteocytes: Maintain bone health.
    • Osteoclasts: Resorb old bone tissue.

    Major Nerves and Muscles

    • Axillary nerve: Innervates deltoid for arm movement.
    • Radial nerve: Controls elbow and wrist extensors.
    • Musculocutaneous nerve: Governs elbow flexors.

    Consequences of Nerve Damage

    • Suprascapular nerve loss: Difficulty in arm elevation and shoulder rotation.
    • Radial nerve loss: Impaired extension of elbow/wrist, resulting in "wrist drop."

    Damage to Brachial Muscle

    • Damage leads to weakness or loss of function in the affected muscles.

    Major Muscles of the Antebrachium and Manus

    • Extensor muscles: Straighten the wrist and fingers; attach from lateral elbow to back of the paw.
    • Flexor muscles: Bend the wrist and fingers; attach from medial elbow to front of the paw.

    Position and Attachment of Antebrachium Muscles

    • Flexor muscles attach to palm or paw underside.
    • Extensor muscles attach to back of paw.

    Carpal vs. Carpus and Digits Muscles

    • Muscles acting solely on the carpus adjust wrist angle.
    • Muscles acting on both carpus and digits influence movement of both.

    Ionic Concentrations

    • Inside mammalian cells: High potassium (K⁺) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) concentrations.
    • In extracellular fluid: Elevated sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) levels.

    Resting Membrane Potential

    • Generated by the sodium-potassium pump and ion leakage, maintaining negative internal charge.
    • Crucial for action potentials and intercellular communication.

    Direction of Ion Flow

    • Sodium ions (Na⁺) enter cells due to higher external concentration.
    • Potassium ions (K⁺) exit cells due to higher internal concentration.

    Equilibrium Potential of an Ion

    • Voltage at which net movement of a specific ion across a membrane ceases.

    Intramuscular Injection Sites in Small Animals

    • Vastus lateralis in the rear leg, epaxial muscles along the spine, and triceps muscle in the front leg.

    Intramuscular Injection Sites in Ruminants

    • Cervical region in neck muscles, lateral neck muscles, and gluteal muscles avoiding sciatic nerve.

    Intramuscular Injection Sites in Horses

    • Similar to ruminants, focusing on cervical and gluteal regions.

    Performing IM Injections

    • Ensure the animal is secure and calm, choose injection site wisely, insert needle perpendicularly, aspirate, inject, and withdraw carefully.

    Communicating Medical Information

    • Use precise terminology, document findings clearly, and adhere to standard medical nomenclature.

    Radiographic Structures of Limbs

    • Normal structures include forelimbs (scapula to phalanges) and hindlimbs (pelvis to phalanges).
    • Major deviations include fractures, dislocations, and signs of osteoarthritis.

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    Description

    Explore the key muscles and major non-muscular structures of the ventral neck in animals. This quiz focuses on the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, their attachments, and actions, as well as other important structures like the trachea and esophagus. Test your knowledge and enhance your understanding of animal anatomy!

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