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Questions and Answers
What is the action of the lumbricals muscles?
What is the action of the lumbricals muscles?
- Flexion at the metatarsophalangeal joints and extension at the interphalangeal joints (correct)
- Flexion of the lateral four toes
- Adduction of the great toe
- Extension at the metatarsophalangeal joints
Which nerve innervates the medial lumbrical muscle?
Which nerve innervates the medial lumbrical muscle?
- Medial plantar nerve (correct)
- Lateral plantar nerve
- Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
- Posterior tibial nerve
What is the origin of the lateral head of the flexor hallucis brevis?
What is the origin of the lateral head of the flexor hallucis brevis?
- Lateral cuneiform only
- Tendon of the posterior tibialis
- Cuboid and lateral cuneiforms (correct)
- Medial cuneiform only
What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?
What is the action of the flexor hallucis brevis?
Which muscle supports the transverse arch of the foot?
Which muscle supports the transverse arch of the foot?
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?
What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?
Which nerve innervates the adductor hallucis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the adductor hallucis muscle?
How many lumbricals muscles are there?
How many lumbricals muscles are there?
What is the origin of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis muscle?
What is the action of the muscle that has an insertion into the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the second digit?
What is the action of the muscle that has an insertion into the medial side of the proximal phalanx of the second digit?
What is the innervation of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis muscle?
What is the innervation of the Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the Peroneus Longus muscle?
What is the origin of the Peroneus Longus muscle?
What is the insertion of the muscle that has an origin from the medial side of metatarsals three to five?
What is the insertion of the muscle that has an origin from the medial side of metatarsals three to five?
What is the action of the muscle that has an insertion into the lateral sides of the proximal phalanxes of digits two to four?
What is the action of the muscle that has an insertion into the lateral sides of the proximal phalanxes of digits two to four?
What is the innervation of the muscle that has an origin from the medial side of metatarsals three to five?
What is the innervation of the muscle that has an origin from the medial side of metatarsals three to five?
What is the beginning of the Dorsalis Pedis artery?
What is the beginning of the Dorsalis Pedis artery?
What is the primary origin of the muscles of the sole of the foot?
What is the primary origin of the muscles of the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the lateral four toes at the proximal interphalangeal joints?
Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the lateral four toes at the proximal interphalangeal joints?
What is the nerve supply of the Abductor Hallucis muscle?
What is the nerve supply of the Abductor Hallucis muscle?
Where does the lateral tarsal artery branch from?
Where does the lateral tarsal artery branch from?
Which muscle is NOT part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
Which muscle is NOT part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
What is the origin of the Quadratus Plantae muscle?
What is the origin of the Quadratus Plantae muscle?
Which artery is the smaller terminal branch of the Posterior tibial artery?
Which artery is the smaller terminal branch of the Posterior tibial artery?
How many muscles are part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
How many muscles are part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?
What is the termination point of the Lateral Plantar Artery?
What is the termination point of the Lateral Plantar Artery?
What is the function of the three perforating arteries?
What is the function of the three perforating arteries?
Which muscle is responsible for abduction and flexion of the great toe?
Which muscle is responsible for abduction and flexion of the great toe?
How many plantar digital nerves does the Medial Plantar Nerve divide into?
How many plantar digital nerves does the Medial Plantar Nerve divide into?
What is the insertion of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis muscle?
What is the insertion of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis muscle?
What is the origin of the Medial Plantar Nerve?
What is the origin of the Medial Plantar Nerve?
Which muscle does the Medial Plantar Nerve not supply?
Which muscle does the Medial Plantar Nerve not supply?
Where does the Lateral Plantar Nerve terminate?
Where does the Lateral Plantar Nerve terminate?
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Study Notes
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot
Origin of Muscles
- Two main origins for all muscles:
- Calcaneal tuberosity at the back of the plantar surface of the calcaneus
- Near the base and along the metatarsal bones
Layers of Muscles
First Layer
- Three muscles:
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Actions:
- Abduction and flexion of great toe
- Flexion of lateral four toes at proximal interphalangeal joints
- Abduction and flexion of little toe
- Nerve supply:
- Medial plantar nerve (abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis)
- Lateral plantar nerve (abductor digiti minimi)
Second Layer
- Two tendons:
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Four lumbrical muscles:
- Origin: from tendons of flexor digitorum longus
- Insertion: into extensor expansion of lateral four digits
- Actions: flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints and extension at interphalangeal joints
- Quadratus plantae muscle:
- Origin: from medial and lateral plantar surface of calcaneus
- Insertion: into tendons of flexor digitorum longus
- Actions: assists flexor digitorum longus in flexion of lateral four toes
- Nerve supply:
- Medial plantar nerve (medial lumbrical)
- Lateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals and quadratus plantae)
Third Layer
- Three muscles:
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- Actions:
- Flexion of great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
- Adduction of great toe and support of transverse arch of the foot
- Flexion of little toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
- Nerve supply:
- Medial plantar nerve (flexor hallucis brevis)
- Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (adductor hallucis)
- Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (flexor digiti minimi brevis)
Fourth Layer
- Two tendons of leg muscles:
- Tendons of tibialis posterior and peroneus longus
- Seven interossei muscles:
- Three plantar interossei
- Four dorsal interossei
- Actions:
- Adduction of lateral three digits and flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints
- Abduction of lateral four digits and flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints
- Nerve supply:
- Lateral plantar nerve
Arterial Supply of the Foot
Dorsum of the Foot
- Dorsalis pedis artery:
- Beginning: as a continuation of anterior tibial artery
- Termination: at the proximal end of the first interosseous space
- Branches:
- Lateral tarsal artery
- Arcuate artery
- Metatarsal branches
- First dorsal metatarsal artery
Sole of the Foot
- Medial plantar artery:
- Smaller terminal branch of posterior tibial artery
- Supply: medial side of the big toe
- Branches:
- Muscular
- Cutaneous
- Articular
- Lateral plantar artery:
- Larger terminal branch of posterior tibial artery
- Termination: on the base of the 5th metatarsal bone, forming the plantar arch by joining the dorsalis pedis artery
- Branches:
- Muscular, cutaneous, and articular
- Branches of plantar arch
- Plantar metatarsal arteries
- Plantar digital arteries
- Three perforating arteries (anastomose with vessels on the dorsal aspect of the foot)
Nerve Supply of the Sole of the Foot
Medial Plantar Nerve
- Larger of the two terminal branches of the tibial nerve
- Termination: at the bases of the metatarsal bones by dividing into three plantar digital nerves
- Branches:
- Muscular (to four muscles)
- Cutaneous (to the skin of the medial 2/3 of the sole)
- Planter digital nerves
- Articular (to intertarsal and tarso-metatarsal joints)
Lateral Plantar Nerve
- Smaller of the two terminal branches of the tibial nerve
- Termination: at the base of the 5th metatarsal bone by dividing into a superficial and a deep branch
- Branches:
- Superficial branch
- Deep branch
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