Muscles of the Pelvic limb with clinical applications

Questions and Answers

What are the five muscles that make up the common calcanean tendon?

Gastocnemius, gracilis, semitendinosus, superficial digital flexor and biceps femoris.

The tendon of the gastrocnemius is crossed laterally by the tendon of the SDF

False

What is a characteristic sign of a partial tear of the common calcanean tendon?

Increased extension of the hock

Plantigrade stance

Hock touching the ground

Dropped hock and curled toes (correct)

Which condition is indicated by a plantigrade stance?

Complete rupture of the common calcanean tendon Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon is primarily associated with a partial tear resulting from its insertion on the tuber calcaneus?

Tendon of the gastrocnemius Signup and view all the answers

What would most likely be absent in a complete rupture of the common calcanean tendon?

Hock elevated from the ground Signup and view all the answers

What signifies that all tendons of the common calcanean tendon are ruptured?

Hock resting on the ground Signup and view all the answers

List the 7 regions of the pelvic limb

Lateral pelvic muscles, caudal hip, medial thigh, cranial thigh, caudal thigh, craniolateral crus and caudal crus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major flexor of the hip?

Iliopsoas Signup and view all the answers

Match to the actions to the appropriate regions of the pelvic limb.

Caudal hip = Lateral rotation of the hip; antagonist to the glutes Cranial thigh = Flex the hip/extend the stifle Caudal thigh = Extend the hip/ Flex stifle/ extend the hock Craniolateral crus = Flex tarsus and/or extend digits Signup and view all the answers

What are the two retinaculum of the hindlimb?

C rural extensor retinaculum and the tarsal extensor retinaculum Signup and view all the answers

Match to craniolateral crus muscles to correct origin.

Cranial tibial = Extensor groove of tibia and craniolateral proximal tibia Long digital extensor = Extensor fossa of femur Fibularis longus = Lateral condyle of tibia and lateral epicondyle of femur Free bee = Free bee Signup and view all the answers

Match the craniolateral crus muscles to correct insertion

Cranial tibia = Plantar surface of metatarsals I and II Long digital extensor = Extensor process of distal phalanges II, III, IV, and V Fibularis longus = Fourth tarsal bone and plantar aspects of metatarsals Free bee = Free bee Signup and view all the answers

The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius all originate where?

They all originate on the proximal femur Signup and view all the answers

The quadriceps muscle insert on the __________

Tibial tuberosity Signup and view all the answers

Why does the rectus femoris have two actions?

It has two actions because it crosses two joints. These two joints are the coxofemoral joint and the femorotibial joint. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following caudal hip muscles has two actions?

Quadratus femoris Signup and view all the answers

The craniolateral crus muscles all have two actions. One of the two actions is the same for all muscles. What is this action?

Flexion of the tarsus Signup and view all the answers

Match the action of the craniolateral crus muscles

Cranial tibial = Flex tarsus, rotate paw laterally Long digital extensor = Flex tarsus, extend digits Fibularis longus = Flex tarsus, rotate paw medially Free bee = Free bee Signup and view all the answers

Match the origin of the caudal crus muscles.

Popliteus = Lateral condyle of femur Gastrocnemius = Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur Superficial digital flexor = Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur Deep Digital flexor = Caudal aspect of tibia, proximal half of tibia, interosseous membrane Signup and view all the answers

Match the insertion for the correct caudal crus muscles

Gastrocnemius = Proximal dorsal surface of tuber calcanei Superficial digital flexor = Tuber calcanei and base of middle phalange of digits II, II, IV, and V Popliteus = Proximal third of caudal tibia Deep digital flexor = Base of each distal phalange Signup and view all the answers

Match the actions to correct caudal crus muscle

Deep digital flexor = Extend tarsus and flex digits Popliteus = Rotate leg medially Superficial digital flexor = Extend tarsus, flex stifle and flex digits Gastrocnemius = Extend tarsus and flex stifle Signup and view all the answers

What is saddle thrombus commonly associated with in dogs and cats?

Cardiac diseases Signup and view all the answers

Cold or cool limbs are a clinical sign of saddle thrombus.

True Signup and view all the answers

What color may the paw pads appear in dogs and cats with saddle thrombus?

pale or purple Signup and view all the answers

Saddle thrombus is a clot that sits where the aorta branches near the __________.

hips Signup and view all the answers

The pudendal nerve provides somatic motor to the musculature of the _____ and

The pudendal nerve provides somatic motor to the musculature of the perineum and muscles of pelvic viscera Signup and view all the answers

The pudendal nerve also provides sensory innervation to the perineal region. What are these sensory regions?

The pudendal nerve provides sensory to rectum, anus, vulva, penis, clitoris and perineum Signup and view all the answers

List the signs of a damaged pudendal nerve. (Hint 4)

Fecal incontinence, urinary incontinence, damaged perineal reflex and loss of sensation from the supplied territory Signup and view all the answers

The obturator nerve supples the abductor mm. of the pelvic limb

False Signup and view all the answers

If the obturator nerve is damaged, what would be the clinical signs?

Calving paralysis and splayed legs seen Signup and view all the answers

The femoral nerve supplies the (flexor/extensors) of the hip and (flexor/extensors) of the stifle.

The femoral nerve supplies the flexors of the hip and the extensors of the stifle. Signup and view all the answers

What clinical signs would indicate damage to the femoral nerve?

Loss of cutaneous sensation via the saphenous nerve Signup and view all the answers

A damaged femoral nerve allows the animal to easily bear weight on its stifle.

False Signup and view all the answers

What nerve is responsible for cutaneous sensation in the region affected by a damaged femoral nerve?

saphenous nerve Signup and view all the answers

In cases of femoral nerve damage, the animal is unable to fix the __________.

stifle Signup and view all the answers

Match the clinical signs with the corresponding effects of a damaged femoral nerve:

Loss of cutaneous sensation = Saphenous nerve Inability to bear weight = Stifle function Loss of sensation = Weight bearing issues Stifle instability = Stabilization loss Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of causes of damage to the sciatic nerve? (Hint: 5)

Hip luxation, caudal acetabular fractures, inappropriate surgical approach (FHO), perineal hernia repair and injections into hamstrings Signup and view all the answers

The common perineal nerve supplies the __ of the tarsus and _ of the digits, respectively.

Flexors; extensors Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if the motor innervation of the common peroneal nerve was damaged?

Signs of motor damage would include inability to flex hock or extend digits, straight limb and walks on dorsum of toes. Signup and view all the answers

The common peroneal nerve provides motor and sensory innervation. What would be seen if there was loss of sensation due to a damaged peroneal nerve?

There would be loss of sensation to the dorsal aspect of the pes and the craniolateral aspect of the crus. Signup and view all the answers

The tibial nerve provides motor and sensory innervation. What areas does it supply?

It supplies some of the flexors of the stifle, extensors of the tarsus and flexors of the digits. Signup and view all the answers

The tibial nerve is the inverse of the ____________ nerve.

Common peroneal Signup and view all the answers

If the tibial nerve was severed or damaged, what would be the sensory and motor signs of damage?

Motor signs include inability to extend the hock or flex the toes with a plantigrade stance. Sensory damage would include no sensation of the plantar aspect of the pes Signup and view all the answers

When a pudendal nerve block needs to be done, where is the site of administration?

It will need to be administered between the tail and tuber ischii; ischiorectal fossa Signup and view all the answers

Where on the pelvic limb would you administer a femoral nerve block?

Between the femoral artery and the caudal belly of the sartorius muscle; proximal thigh; proximally towards the iliopsoas muscle Signup and view all the answers

Where should a sciatic nerve block be administered?

Between the greater trochanter and ischiatic tuberosity - just caudal to the greater trochanter. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Common Calcanean Tendon Injuries

Partial tears often result from the tendons attaching to the tuber calcaneus, specifically the gastrocnemius muscle.
Symptoms of a partial tear include a dropped hock (the angle of the hock joint appears decreased) and curled toes (toes bending into a claw-like position).

Complete Rupture of the Common Calcanean Tendon

A complete rupture indicates that all tendons within the structure are compromised, leading to significant functional impairment.
Signs of complete rupture include a plantigrade stance (the animal stands flat on the ground) and the hock touching the ground, indicating a severe loss of muscular support and stability in the hind limb.

Saddle Thrombus Overview

Saddle thrombus is a blood clot located at the branching point of the aorta near the hips.
It is most commonly seen in dogs and cats, particularly those with underlying cardiac conditions.

Clinical Signs

Affected animals may exhibit cold or cool paws and limbs, indicating poor circulation.
Paw pads can turn pale or purple, signifying a lack of adequate blood flow.
Dragging of the hind limbs is a notable symptom, often associated with mobility issues.

Common Calcanean Tendon Injuries

A partial tear typically involves the gastrocnemius muscle inserting on the tuber calcaneus.
Symptoms of a partial tear include a dropped hock and curled toes.
A complete rupture indicates all tendons are torn.
Signs of a complete rupture include the animal adopting a plantigrade stance with the hock touching the ground.

Femoral Nerve Damage

Damage to the femoral nerve results in loss of cutaneous sensation, particularly through the saphenous nerve.
Affected animals exhibit weight-bearing difficulties, unable to stabilize the stifle joint.

Saddle Thrombus

Saddle thrombus refers to a clot located at the bifurcation of the aorta near the hips.
This condition commonly affects dogs and cats, particularly those with underlying cardiac diseases.
Clinical manifestations include cold or cool paws and limbs, with paw pads potentially appearing pale or purple.
Hind limb dragging is a notable symptom associated with saddle thrombus.

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Muscles of the Pelvic limb with clinical applications

Questions and Answers

What are the five muscles that make up the common calcanean tendon?

The tendon of the gastrocnemius is crossed laterally by the tendon of the SDF

What is a characteristic sign of a partial tear of the common calcanean tendon?

Which condition is indicated by a plantigrade stance?

Which tendon is primarily associated with a partial tear resulting from its insertion on the tuber calcaneus?

What would most likely be absent in a complete rupture of the common calcanean tendon?

What signifies that all tendons of the common calcanean tendon are ruptured?

List the 7 regions of the pelvic limb

Which of the following is a major flexor of the hip?

Match to the actions to the appropriate regions of the pelvic limb.

What are the two retinaculum of the hindlimb?

Match to craniolateral crus muscles to correct origin.

Match the craniolateral crus muscles to correct insertion

The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius all originate where?

The quadriceps muscle insert on the __________

Why does the rectus femoris have two actions?

Which of the following caudal hip muscles has two actions?

The craniolateral crus muscles all have two actions. One of the two actions is the same for all muscles. What is this action?

Match the action of the craniolateral crus muscles

Match the origin of the caudal crus muscles.

Match the insertion for the correct caudal crus muscles

Match the actions to correct caudal crus muscle

What is saddle thrombus commonly associated with in dogs and cats?

Cold or cool limbs are a clinical sign of saddle thrombus.

What color may the paw pads appear in dogs and cats with saddle thrombus?

Saddle thrombus is a clot that sits where the aorta branches near the __________.

The pudendal nerve provides somatic motor to the musculature of the _____________ and ________

The pudendal nerve also provides sensory innervation to the perineal region. What are these sensory regions?

List the signs of a damaged pudendal nerve. (Hint 4)

The obturator nerve supples the abductor mm. of the pelvic limb

If the obturator nerve is damaged, what would be the clinical signs?

The femoral nerve supplies the (flexor/extensors) of the hip and (flexor/extensors) of the stifle.

What clinical signs would indicate damage to the femoral nerve?

A damaged femoral nerve allows the animal to easily bear weight on its stifle.

What nerve is responsible for cutaneous sensation in the region affected by a damaged femoral nerve?

In cases of femoral nerve damage, the animal is unable to fix the __________.

Match the clinical signs with the corresponding effects of a damaged femoral nerve:

What are examples of causes of damage to the sciatic nerve? (Hint: 5)

The common perineal nerve supplies the ______ of the tarsus and _____ of the digits, respectively.

What would happen if the motor innervation of the common peroneal nerve was damaged?

The common peroneal nerve provides motor and sensory innervation. What would be seen if there was loss of sensation due to a damaged peroneal nerve?

The tibial nerve provides motor and sensory innervation. What areas does it supply?

The tibial nerve is the inverse of the ____________ nerve.

If the tibial nerve was severed or damaged, what would be the sensory and motor signs of damage?

When a pudendal nerve block needs to be done, where is the site of administration?

Where on the pelvic limb would you administer a femoral nerve block?

Where should a sciatic nerve block be administered?

Study Notes

Common Calcanean Tendon Injuries

Complete Rupture of the Common Calcanean Tendon

Saddle Thrombus Overview

Clinical Signs

Common Calcanean Tendon Injuries

Femoral Nerve Damage

Saddle Thrombus

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The common perineal nerve supplies the __ of the tarsus and _ of the digits, respectively.