Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definitive diagnostic procedure for Myasthenia Gravis?
What is the definitive diagnostic procedure for Myasthenia Gravis?
Which muscle weakness manifestation of Myasthenia Gravis involves the eyelid drooping?
Which muscle weakness manifestation of Myasthenia Gravis involves the eyelid drooping?
What is the purpose of the Tensilon test using Edrophonium Chloride?
What is the purpose of the Tensilon test using Edrophonium Chloride?
Which difficulty is NOT typically associated with Myasthenia Gravis?
Which difficulty is NOT typically associated with Myasthenia Gravis?
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What type of heart condition requires defibrillation as a treatment according to the text?
What type of heart condition requires defibrillation as a treatment according to the text?
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Which test is used to assess muscle strength improvement within a minute in Myasthenia Gravis?
Which test is used to assess muscle strength improvement within a minute in Myasthenia Gravis?
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Which viral infection is NOT mentioned as a possible trigger for Auto Immune disease in the text?
Which viral infection is NOT mentioned as a possible trigger for Auto Immune disease in the text?
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What is the characteristic histology finding associated with Auto Immune disease mentioned in the text?
What is the characteristic histology finding associated with Auto Immune disease mentioned in the text?
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What is a common complication that can be prevented by encouraging patients to move around in Auto Immune disease management?
What is a common complication that can be prevented by encouraging patients to move around in Auto Immune disease management?
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In Auto Immune disease management, what is the highest priority for maintaining airway and supporting pulmonary function?
In Auto Immune disease management, what is the highest priority for maintaining airway and supporting pulmonary function?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the pharmacologic management of Auto Immune disease according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the pharmacologic management of Auto Immune disease according to the text?
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What type of changes are less prominent in Auto Immune disease compared to ascending muscle weakness and paralysis?
What type of changes are less prominent in Auto Immune disease compared to ascending muscle weakness and paralysis?
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What is a common cause of death in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
What is a common cause of death in Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
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Which term describes the Unilateral disability of upper and lower extremities seen in the text?
Which term describes the Unilateral disability of upper and lower extremities seen in the text?
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What diagnostic test is used to evaluate skeletal muscle electrical activity?
What diagnostic test is used to evaluate skeletal muscle electrical activity?
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Which sign is associated with Upper Motor Neurons in the text?
Which sign is associated with Upper Motor Neurons in the text?
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Which term is used to describe the awkwardness of fine finger movements?
Which term is used to describe the awkwardness of fine finger movements?
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What is a common nursing intervention for Guillain-Barre Syndrome related to nutrition?
What is a common nursing intervention for Guillain-Barre Syndrome related to nutrition?
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What is a common symptom of ptosis?
What is a common symptom of ptosis?
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What nursing intervention is essential to protect the eye in a patient with ptosis?
What nursing intervention is essential to protect the eye in a patient with ptosis?
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What effect do corticosteroids have in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?
What effect do corticosteroids have in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?
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What characterizes the etiology of multiple sclerosis?
What characterizes the etiology of multiple sclerosis?
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What age group is most commonly affected by multiple sclerosis?
What age group is most commonly affected by multiple sclerosis?
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What did Jean Marie Charcot describe regarding multiple sclerosis?
What did Jean Marie Charcot describe regarding multiple sclerosis?
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What is the relationship between Vitamin D levels and multiple sclerosis?
What is the relationship between Vitamin D levels and multiple sclerosis?
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What role do T helper cells play in multiple sclerosis?
What role do T helper cells play in multiple sclerosis?
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What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier?
What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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How do macrophages contribute to multiple sclerosis?
How do macrophages contribute to multiple sclerosis?
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What is the manifestation of Corticospinal syndrome in multiple sclerosis?
What is the manifestation of Corticospinal syndrome in multiple sclerosis?
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What does peripheral vasculitis result from in multiple sclerosis?
What does peripheral vasculitis result from in multiple sclerosis?
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Study Notes
Autoimmune Disorders
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
- Follows viral infection (URTI, GIT) or swine flu immunization
- Affects all age groups and sexes
- Causes: Campylobacter jejuni, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, HIV
- Histology: Nerve infiltrated lymphoid cells with phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages
- Clinical features:
- Ascending muscle weakness and paralysis
- Respiratory failure possible
- Less prominent sensory changes
- Remyelination over 3-4 months
- Diagnostics:
- EMG
- CSF Analysis
- CT scan/MRI
- Management:
- Maintain airway and support pulmonary function
- Prepare patient for Plasmapheresis during acute phase
- Pharmacologic treatment: Steroids, IV IgG, Anti-arrhythmic, Propranolol
- Encourage patient to move around to prevent complications due to immobility
- Prevent Contractures and atrophy
- Prevent DVT
- Provide Nutritional support
- Safe environment to minimize infection
- Emotional support
Multiple Sclerosis
- Chronic, debilitating, progressive disease with periods of remission and exacerbation
- Characterized by randomly scattered patches of demyelination
- Common in females of 20-40 years old
- Etiology:
- Autoimmune response
- Environmental factors (Vitamin D levels)
- Genetics (HLA)
- Infection by a slow latent virus
- Manifestations occur intermittently and depend on CNS involvement
- Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown: Leaks form in the blood-brain barrier, allowing immune cells to infiltrate
- Pathology:
- Immune response leads to recurrent inflammatory reactions
- Lymphocytes secrete IgG antibodies, which increase during exacerbations
- Macrophages enter the myelin sheath, removing degenerating myelin, forming patchy areas of demyelination
- Areas of Plaque Formation:
- Corticospinal syndrome
- Generalized muscle weakness
- Muscle wasting and atrophy
- Diagnostics:
- Electromyography
- Blood tests (CRH modulator antibodies)
- Chest x-ray/CT Scan
- Edrophonium Chloride (Tensilon test)
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Description
Test your knowledge on symptoms and signs associated with generalized muscle weakness, paresis, and paralysis. Learn about upper and lower motor neuron signs, muscle wasting, atrophy, and other related manifestations.
