108 Questions
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary body movement?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary body movement and is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary body movement and is not striated?
Smooth muscle
Which type of muscle cells are elongated and also referred to as muscle fibers?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which prefix refers to 'muscle' in the terminology used for muscles?
Myo
What theory explains the contraction and shortening of muscles?
Sliding filament theory
Which theory explains the sliding filament theory mostly for skeletal muscle?
Sliding filament theory
Which type of muscle is also affected by the sliding filament theory?
Cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle is attached by tendons to bones?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle cells are multinucleate?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which type of muscle is striated and subject to conscious control?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary body movement?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle cells are multinucleate?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle is striated and subject to conscious control?
Skeletal muscle
Which connective tissue wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers?
Perimysium
Which connective tissue covers the entire skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Which connective tissue encloses a single muscle fiber? Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue.
Endomysium
Which connective tissue wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers? Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue
Perimysium
Which connective tissue encloses a single muscle fiber?
Endomysium
Which connective tissue covers the entire skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Which connective tissue structure attaches muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings?
Aponeuroses
Which connective tissue structure mostly consists of collagen fibers and often crosses a joint?
Tendons
What is the name of the connective tissue that blends into a connective tissue attachment and surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Which type of fibers are mostly found in tendons?
Collagen fibers
Why do tendons often cross a joint?
Because of their toughness and small size
What are tendons primarily made of?
Collagen fibers
Which type of muscle is responsible for conscious control?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle cells are spindle-shaped?
Smooth muscle cells
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs?
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle cells are characterized by
Spindle-shaped cells
Where are smooth muscles mainly found in the body?
Visceral organs
Which type of control is associated with smooth muscles?
Involuntary control
Which type of muscle is characterized by branching cells and is found only in the walls of the heart?
Cardiac muscle
Which characteristic is NOT associated with cardiac muscle?
Multiple nuclei
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary body movement and has striations?
Skeletal muscle
Which type of muscle cells are found only in the walls of the heart?
Cardiac muscle cells
Which characteristic is NOT associated with cardiac muscle?
multiple nucleus
Which type of muscle is involuntary?
Cardiac muscle and smooth
Which type of muscle is responsible for generating heat in the body?
Skeletal muscle
What is one of the functions of skeletal muscle?
Produce movement
Which type of muscle cells are elongated and also referred to as muscle fibers?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which organelles are found inside muscle cells?
Myofibrils
What gives the muscle its striped appearance?
light (I) bands and dark (A) bands
What is the specialized plasma membrane of a muscle cell called?
Sarcolemma
Which band in the muscle contains only thin filaments?
I band
Which band in the muscle contains the entire length of the thick filaments?
A band
Which area of the band contains the entire length of the thick filaments?
Dark band
Where is the M line located?
In the center of the H zone
Which area of the band is a lighter central area?
H zone
Which type of muscle is characterized by branching cells and is found only in the walls of the heart?
Cardiac muscle
Which connective tissue covers the entire skeletal muscle?
Epimysium
Which organelle stores and releases calcium in muscle cells?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What surrounds the myofibril in muscle cells?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which myofilament is responsible for muscle contraction?
Thick (myosin) myofilament
What surrounds the myofibril in muscle cells?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which characteristic of muscle cells allows them to be stretched?
Extensibility
Which characteristic of muscle cells allows them to recoil and resume resting length after stretching?
Elasticity
Which characteristic of muscle cells refers to their ability to receive and respond to a stimulus?
Irritability
Which type of muscle must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract?
Skeletal muscle
What is a motor unit composed of?
A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
What is the ability of a muscle to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received called?
Contractility
Which chemical is released by the nerve upon arrival of a nerve impulse in the axon terminal?
Acetylcholine
What is the specialized enzyme that breaks down Acetylcholine (ACh) when the impulse is removed?
Acetylcholinesterase
Where does the neuromuscular junction occur?
Between the axon terminal of the motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a muscle
Which of the following best describes the synaptic cleft?
The gap between nerve and muscle where they do not make contact
What fills the synaptic cleft?
Interstitial fluid
Where is the synaptic cleft located?
Between the nerve and muscle
Which ion enters the axon terminal of the motor neuron when a nerve impulse is received?
Calcium ions
What happens when calcium ions enter the axon terminal?
Synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
Where does acetylcholine (ACh) attach when it diffuses across the synaptic cleft?
Receptors on the muscle cell
Which ion enters the axon terminal when a nerve impulse reaches it?
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
What happens when enough acetylcholine (ACh) is released into the synaptic cleft?
The sarcolemma becomes more permeable to sodium (Na+)
What happens when sodium (Na+) rushes into the muscle cell?
Potassium (K+) leaves the cell
What happens when depolarization occurs in the muscle cell?
Sodium channels open, once started, action cannot stop and contraction occurs
Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline?
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) * ends muscle contraction
What are the products of acetylcholine breakdown by Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?
Acetic acid and choline
Which of the following is responsible for returning a cell to its resting state?
Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell and Sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions back to their original positions
Which ions diffuse out of the cell to return it to its resting state?
Potassium ions
Graded responses can be produced by changing
The frequency of muscle stimulation, and The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time
Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by a single, brief contraction and is not a normal muscle function?
Twitch
What is the term for different combinations of muscle fiber contractions that may give differing responses within a skeletal muscle?
Graded responses
What type of muscle response refers to different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening?
Graded responses
True or false muscle fiber contraction is described as 'all or none'?
True
Which type of graded response is a single, brief contraction that is not a normal muscle function?
Twitch
Which type of tetanus occurs when one contraction is immediately followed by another, without the muscle completely returning to a resting state?
Fused (complete) tetanus
Which type of tetanus occurs when there is no evidence of relaxation before the following contractions?
Fused (complete) tetanus
What happens during summing of contractions?
One contraction is immediately followed by another
What happens during unfused (incomplete) tetanus?
Some relaxation occurs between contractions
Which type of tetanus occurs when one contraction is immediately followed by another, without the muscle completely returning to a resting state?
Fused tetanus
What happens during summing of contractions?
Muscle contraction becomes smooth and sustained
Which type of tetanus occurs when the muscle contraction is smooth and sustained?
Fused tetanus
What is the relationship between muscle force and the number of fibers stimulated?
Muscle force increases as the number of fibers stimulated increases
What allows muscles to continue contracting unless they run out of energy?
Availability of ATP
Which molecule serves as the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
What happens to the stored ATP in muscle fibers after the initial use?
It is replenished by other energy sources
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to generate ATP?
Direct conversion of glucose to ATP
Which process involves the formation of lactic acid?
Anaerobic glycolysis
Which process requires oxygen to generate ATP?
Aerobic respiration
Which molecule is responsible for direct phosphorylation of ADP to regenerate ATP in muscle cells?
Creatine phosphate (CP)
How many ATP molecules are created per molecule of creatine phosphate (CP)? fastest way to get ATP
1 ATP
Which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria and releases energy from glucose?
Aerobic respiration
What are the end products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water
Which molecule do muscle cells store as a high-energy molecule?
CP
What remains after ATP is depleted in muscle cells?
ADP
What is the function of CP in muscle cells?
To provide energy; transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP
Which factor can produce graded responses in skeletal muscle contractions?
The frequency of muscle stimulation
What can influence the strength of skeletal muscle contractions?
The number of muscle fibers being stimulated at one time
How can graded responses be produced in skeletal muscle contractions?
The frequency of muscle stimulation The number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time
Test your knowledge on the different types of muscles found in the human body. Identify the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles and understand their roles in body movement.
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