Questions and Answers
What is muscle tissue with a banded appearance?
What type of muscle tissue is involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
What is the connective tissue surrounding a fascicle called?
Perimysium
What is the plasma membrane of the muscle cell?
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What is the contractile unit of muscle?
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A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called __________.
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The actual gap between axonal endings and the muscle cell is called a __________.
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The neurotransmitter released at the synaptic cleft is called __________.
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When the __________ reaches the end of the axon, the neurotransmitter is released.
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Continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation is called __________.
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A(n) __________ is a contraction in which the muscle shortens and work is done.
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To accomplish a strong contraction, __________ are stimulated at a rapid rate.
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When a weak but smooth muscle contraction is desired, __________ are stimulated at a rapid rate.
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The condition called __________ occurs when a muscle is unable to respond due to oxygen debt.
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When the muscle does not shorten but tension keeps increasing, this is called a(n) __________.
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What is the action of standing on your toes called?
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What is the action of walking on your heels called?
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The action of winding up for a pitch in baseball can be called __________.
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To keep your seat when riding a horse, you tend to __________ your thighs.
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The action at the hip joint in running in reference to the leg moving forward is __________.
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When kicking a football, the action at the knee is __________.
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Using a screwdriver with a straight arm requires __________ of the arm.
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Study Notes
Muscle Tissue Types
- Cardiac and Smooth: Involuntary muscle tissues responsible for functions like heart contractions and contractions of hollow organs.
- Skeletal and Cardiac: Characterized by a banded appearance, skeletal muscles are primarily responsible for voluntary movements.
- Smooth Muscle: Comprised of longitudinally and circularly arranged layers, facilitating various bodily functions.
- Skeletal Muscle: Contains dense connective tissue packaging, providing structure and support.
Muscle Cell Structures
- Sarcomere: The basic contractile unit of muscle, essential for muscle contraction.
- Fiber: Refers to a muscle cell, typically organized into larger groups for function.
- Endomysium: A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers.
- Perimysium: Connective tissue that encases a fascicle, or bundle of muscle fibers.
- Epimysium: The outer layer of connective tissue that wraps around the entire muscle.
Muscle Cell Components
- Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane surrounding muscle cells.
- Myofibril: Long, filamentous organelles in muscle cells that display a banded appearance.
- Myofilament: Structures containing actin or myosin, the proteins responsible for muscle contraction.
Muscle Attachments
- Tendon: A cord-like extension of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
- Fascicle: A discrete bundle of muscle cells contained within the perimysium.
Neural Control of Muscles
- Motor Unit: A motor neuron combined with all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates; essential for muscle function.
- Axonal Terminal: Endings of a motor neuron’s axon that transmit signals to muscle cells.
- Synaptic Cleft: The gap between the axonal ending and the muscle cell membrane, where neurotransmitter action occurs.
- Acetylcholine: The neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft, essential for muscle activation.
- Nerve Impulse: A signal that triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction.
Muscle Contraction Mechanisms
- Depolarization: Process following neurotransmitter binding, leading to an influx of sodium ions and muscle contraction.
- Tetanus: Continuous muscle contraction without relaxation, often resulting from rapid stimulation.
- Isotonic Contraction: Occurs when a muscle shortens while performing work.
- Isometric Contraction: Involves muscle tension without shortening.
Muscle Actions and Movements
- Plantar Flexion: Movement of standing on toes, typical in ballet.
- Dorsiflexion: Walking on heels.
- Circumduction: Movement pattern involving circular motions, like winding up for a pitch.
- Adduction: Bringing thighs together, as when riding a horse.
- Flexion: Bending movement at joints, important in activities like running.
Key Muscles and Their Functions
- Zygomaticus: Muscle responsible for smiling.
- Buccinator: Used for sucking in cheeks.
- Frontalis: Forms horizontal creases on the forehead.
- Pectoralis Major: Major muscle for shoulder flexion and adduction.
- Deltoid: Prime mover for shoulder abduction.
- Latissimus Dorsi: Adducts and extends the shoulder joint.
- Rectus Abdominis: Known as the "straight muscle of the abdomen."
- Quad and Hamstring Groups: Important in leg movement; quadriceps extend the knee, hamstrings flex the knee.
Special Movement Actions
- Rotation: Movement around an axis, crucial for actions like using a screwdriver.
- Pronation: The action moving the distal radius over the ulna.
- Adduction: Raising arms laterally closes to the body.
Muscle Categories
- Gluteal Muscles: Include maximus and medius; important for hip extension and rotation.
- Biceps Brachii & Triceps Brachii: Key muscles for arm movement; biceps allow elbow flexion, while triceps enable extension.
General Notes
- Muscle function is closely linked to neural control, leading to precise movements.
- Muscles work in groups; antagonistic pairs allow for balanced movement and stability.
- Understanding muscle anatomy is key for studies in physiology, kinesiology, and medicine.
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Description
Explore the different types of muscle tissues including cardiac, smooth, and skeletal, along with their unique structures like sarcomeres and connective tissue layers. This quiz will test your knowledge on involuntary and voluntary muscle functions and their cellular organization.
