Muscle Tissue Types and Structure

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Questions and Answers

What role do osteoblasts play in bone formation?

  • They form flexible connective tissue.
  • They maintain the bone matrix.
  • They produce and secrete the bone matrix. (correct)
  • They break down bone tissue.

Which statement best describes compact bone?

  • It serves as the outer layer, providing strength. (correct)
  • It is lighter and more porous than spongy bone.
  • It primarily facilitates hematopoiesis.
  • It forms the inner layer of bone structures.

Which statement accurately describes cardiac muscle?

  • It has spindle-shaped fibers and is under voluntary control.
  • It is non-striated and multinucleated.
  • It is voluntary and multinucleated.
  • It has branched fibers and typically one or two nuclei. (correct)

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

<p>Protects the heart and lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endomysium in skeletal muscle?

<p>It surrounds individual muscle fibers, providing a supportive environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the contraction of a skeletal muscle result in joint movement?

<p>The muscle pulls on tendons which then move the bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the periosteum?

<p>It covers and protects bones, aiding in growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes smooth muscle from skeletal and cardiac muscle?

<p>It has a spindle shape and is non-striated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone contains red bone marrow?

<p>Spongy bone primarily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a tendon?

<p>It connects muscles to bones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly pairs a muscle with its example?

<p>Quadriceps: Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sesamoid bone primarily associated with?

<p>Reducing friction in joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of skeletal muscle?

<p>Facilitating gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure indicates a growth area in long bones during childhood?

<p>Epiphyseal Plate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epimysium is best described as which of the following?

<p>A dense connective tissue layer surrounding the entire muscle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue provides cushioning at joints?

<p>Cartilage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure serves as a communication pathway between osteocytes in bone tissue?

<p>Canaliculi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of voluntary muscles?

<p>They can be controlled consciously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the origin of a muscle?

<p>The fixed attachment point of a muscle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue conducts rhythmic contractions without conscious control?

<p>Cardiac muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Type

Voluntary, striated muscle tissue with multiple nuclei per cell, responsible for body movement.

Cardiac Muscle Type

Involuntary, striated muscle tissue found only in the heart, responsible for rhythmic contractions.

Smooth Muscle Type

Involuntary, non-striated muscle tissue found in internal organs, responsible for sustained contractions.

Muscle Fiber Arrangement

The specific layout of fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) which affects muscle strength and range of motion.

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Epimysium

Outer connective tissue layer surrounding the entire skeletal muscle.

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Origin and Insertion

Origin: Fixed point of muscle attachment. Insertion: Movable point of muscle attachment.

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Tendon

Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

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Muscle Function- Movement

Skeletal muscle enables voluntary body movement.

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Muscle Function- Posture Maintenance

Skeletal muscle keeps your body stable and upright.

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Muscle Function- Heat Production

Muscle contraction produces heat, regulating body temperature.

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Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Bone Movement

Muscle contraction shortens the muscle, pulling on tendons, which in turn pull on bones. This causes movement at the joints.

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Function of Skeletal System

Support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production are the core functions.

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Sesamoid Bone

Small, round bones within tendons, which decrease friction and improve leverage.

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Compact Bone

Dense bone tissue forming the outer layer of bones, providing significant strength.

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Spongy Bone

Light, porous bone tissue found in the ends of bones, containing red marrow.

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Osteon

Functional unit of compact bone, a complex structural component.

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Endochondral Ossification

Process of cartilage being replaced by bone, crucial for fetal and postnatal development.

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Axial Skeleton

Portion of the skeleton containing the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, supporting and protecting vital organs.

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Appendicular Skeleton

Portion of the skeleton including the limbs, shoulders, and pelvis, allowing movement.

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Number of Bones in Adult Skeleton

The typical adult human skeleton contains 206 bones.

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Study Notes

Muscle Tissue Types

  • Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, long cylindrical fibers
  • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, striated, typically one or two nuclei, branched fibers
  • Smooth Muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, single nucleus, spindle-shaped fibers

Skeletal Muscle Structure

  • Membranes:
    • Epimysium: Dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle
    • Perimysium: Connective tissue surrounding fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
    • Endomysium: Thin connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers
  • Fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers with varying arrangements (e.g., parallel, circular, pennate) influencing muscle strength and range of motion

Muscle Attachments and Supporting Structures

  • Origin & Insertion:
    • Origin: Fixed attachment point, usually proximal
    • Insertion: Movable attachment point, usually distal
  • Tendon/Aponeurosis:
    • Tendon: Fibrous connective tissue connecting muscles to bones
    • Aponeurosis: Broad, flat tendon connecting muscles to other structures
  • Bursa: Fluid-filled sac reducing friction between tissues (e.g., tendon and bone)
  • Synovial Membrane: Lines joint cavities, producing synovial fluid for lubrication
  • Tendon Sheath: Protective covering around a tendon, reducing friction

Skeletal Muscle Functions

  • Movement: Enables voluntary body movement
  • Posture Maintenance: Aids in maintaining posture and stability
  • Heat Production: Generates heat during muscle contractions, regulating body temperature

Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Bone Movement

  • Muscle contraction shortens the muscle, pulling on its tendons
  • Tension is transferred to bones, causing movement at joints
  • Coordinated muscle contractions enable smooth and controlled movements

Skeletal System Overview

  • Functions:

    • Support
    • Protection (of vital organs)
    • Movement (as levers for muscles)
    • Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
    • Lipid storage
    • Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)

  • Sesamoid Bone: Small, round bone embedded in a tendon (e.g., patella), reducing friction and improving leverage

  • Long Bone Structure:

    • Articular Cartilage: Covers joint surfaces, reducing friction
    • Diaphysis: Shaft (compact bone)
    • Endosteum: Lines medullary canal
    • Epiphyseal Line/Plate: Indicates growth; plate is active in youth
    • Epiphysis: Ends of the bone (spongy bone)
    • Foramen: Opening for nerves and blood vessels
    • Medullary Canal: Contains yellow bone marrow
    • Periosteum: Connective tissue covering bones, aiding growth/repair
    • Red Bone Marrow: Produces blood cells
    • Yellow Bone Marrow: Stores fat

  • Connective Tissues: Bone Tissue, Cartilage

  • Compact vs. Spongy Bone:

    • Compact Bone: Dense, outer layer, strong
    • Spongy Bone: Lighter, porous, in bone ends, contains red marrow

  • Microscopic Structure: Osteon (functional unit), Lamella (layers), Central Canal (blood vessels/nerves), Lacunae (housing osteocytes), Canaliculi (cellular communication), Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

  • Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue made of chondrocytes housed in a matrix. Provides cushioning, support. Allows growth.

  • Bone Formation/Growth:

    • Endochondral Ossification: Cartilage to bone replacement (fetal development)
    • Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
    • Osteoclasts: Bone-resorbing cells
    • Epiphyseal Plate: Growth plate for bone length during development
    • Epiphyseal Line: Marks the end of growth

  • Skeleton Types:

    • Axial Skeleton: 80 bones (skull, vertebral column, ribs), supports/protects vital organs
    • Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones (limbs, girdle), facilitates movement

  • Total Bones: Approximately 206 bones in the adult human skeleton

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