Muscle Tissue and Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire muscle?

  • Fascicle
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Epimysium (correct)

What is the role of the sarcolemma in a skeletal muscle cell?

  • Stores calcium ions
  • Protects muscle fibers
  • Synthesizes proteins
  • Conducts action potentials (correct)

What triggers the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?

  • Calcium efflux
  • Increased sodium influx
  • Synaptic vesicle fusion
  • Motor neuron action potential (correct)

Which structure is NOT part of the triad in skeletal muscle fibers?

<p>Sarcolemma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the sliding filament model during muscle contraction?

<p>Calcium ion binding to troponin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the motor end plate from other parts of the muscle membrane?

<p>It has a higher concentration of receptors for ACh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of connective tissue surrounds individual muscle fibers?

<p>Endomysium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?

<p>To block the binding sites on actin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes depolarization of the muscle cell membrane during an action potential?

<p>Sodium influx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the length of a sarcomere influence muscle tension production?

<p>Optimal sarcomere length results in the greatest muscle tension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metabolism primarily powers muscles during short, intense bursts of activity?

<p>Glycolysis alone (anaerobic metabolism) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle fiber type is primarily responsible for endurance activities?

<p>Type I fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the latent period in a myogram?

<p>The delay between stimulus and contraction onset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the functions of the midbrain?

<p>Serves as a major relay station for sensory information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) primarily made from?

<p>Water and electrolytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the pons and cerebellum interact?

<p>They coordinate voluntary movement and balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?

<p>Controlling autonomic functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensory pathways from motor pathways?

<p>Sensory pathways carry information from receptors to the CNS, while motor pathways carry information from the CNS to effectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the spinal cord does pain and temperature information travel?

<p>Lateral column (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer is NOT one of the three meningeal layers surrounding the spinal cord?

<p>Neuroglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reflex arc is more likely to be polysynaptic?

<p>Acquired reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the thalamus serve in relation to the cerebellum?

<p>The thalamus integrates motor and sensory information for the cerebellum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are dermatome maps useful in clinical settings?

<p>They show the pattern of sensory innervation from spinal nerves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a reflex arc is described as monosynaptic?

<p>It involves a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron with no interneurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epimysium

A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.

Perimysium

Connective tissue sheath that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers (fascicles).

Endomysium

A delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers within a fascicle.

Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber (cell).

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Triad

A structure in a muscle fiber consisting of a transverse tubule (T-tubule) and two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

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Transverse Tubule (T-tubule)

An invagination of the sarcolemma that extends deep into the muscle fiber, carrying the action potential to the myofibrils.

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Terminal Cisternae of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Enlarged regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that store and release calcium ions (Ca^2+).

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Myofibrils

Long, cylindrical structures within a muscle fiber that contain myofilaments and are responsible for muscle contraction.

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Medulla Oblongata

The lowest part of the brainstem, responsible for vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Thalamus

A relay station for sensory information, filtering and directing it to different parts of the brain for processing.

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Hypothalamus

Regulates homeostasis, controlling things like body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep-wake cycles.

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Nucleus (CNS)

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system.

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Gray Matter

The darker tissue of the spinal cord and brain, composed primarily of neuron cell bodies and dendrites.

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White Matter

The lighter tissue of the spinal cord and brain, made up mostly of myelinated axons.,

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Dermatome Maps

Maps that show the specific areas of skin innervated by each spinal nerve.

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Reflex Arc

A neural pathway that mediates a reflex action, involving a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron.

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Actin and Myosin Interaction

Actin and myosin are proteins that interact within muscle fibers to produce contractions. Actin filaments are thin and contain binding sites for myosin heads. Myosin filaments are thick and have heads that bind to actin, creating cross-bridges. These interactions cause the filaments to slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and resulting in muscle contraction.

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Sarcomere Length and Tension

The length of the sarcomere, the functional unit of a muscle fiber, influences the amount of tension produced. This is because the optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments is required for maximal force generation. If the sarcomere is too short or too long, the overlap is reduced, leading to decreased tension.

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Twitch

A twitch is a single, brief contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a single electrical stimulus. It consists of a latent period, a contraction phase, and a relaxation phase.

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Latent Period

The latent period is the time delay between the stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction. During this period, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the excitation-contraction coupling occurs.

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Contraction Phase

The contraction phase is the period of time during a twitch when the muscle fiber is shortening. This is due to the sliding filament mechanism, where actin and myosin filaments interact to generate force.

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Relaxation Phase

The relaxation phase is the period of time during a twitch when the muscle fiber is returning to its resting length. This is due to the removal of calcium ions from the cytoplasm, which disables the ability of myosin to bind to actin.

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Creatine Phosphate

Creatine phosphate is a high-energy phosphate molecule that can be used to quickly regenerate ATP in muscle fibers during short bursts of intense activity. It's the primary energy source during the first few seconds of muscle contraction.

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Aerobic Metabolism

Aerobic metabolism is the primary energy source for sustained, moderate-intensity activity. It uses oxygen to produce ATP from glucose and fatty acids. It provides a long-lasting energy supply but requires the presence of oxygen.

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Study Notes

Muscle Tissue

  • Compare and contrast the three basic muscle types (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
  • Smooth muscle: involuntary, found in various body locations
  • Cardiac muscle: involuntary, found in the heart
  • Skeletal muscle: voluntary, found attached to bones

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  • Understand skeletal muscle functions and how it performs them
  • Know the skeletal muscle structures and their organization; epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils, myofilaments
  • Skeletal muscle organization is critical for its function
  • Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) structure: sarcolemma, transverse tubule, terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibrils, triad

Sliding Filament Model

  • Identify the structures in the diagram, actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, sarcomere, Z-disc/line, M line, A band, I band.
  • Understand their functions within the sliding filament model.

Muscle Tension

  • Starting from the synapse, trace acetylcholine (ACh) release, and the role of Ca2+
  • Understanding action potentials in motor neurons is critical
  • Know the roles of actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and troponin in muscle contractions.

Sarcomere and Muscle Tension

  • How interactions between actin and myosin affect sarcomere length and muscle tension production
  • How sarcomere length affects the tension a myofibril can produce
  • Situations where sarcomere length may not be optimal

Twitch and Energy for Working Muscles.

  • Define the elements of a myogram (latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase)
  • Understanding different sources of energy for muscle work: creatine phosphate, aerobic metabolism, glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism)

Brain and Spinal Cord

  • Understand protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and their organization
  • Functions of the dura mater and other meningeal layers.
  • Understand the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its importance
  • Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its relation to ventricles
  • Organization of neurons in the brain (white and gray matter) and differences in the spinal cord versus brain.
  • Locate and define major structures/regions of the brain (brainstem, midbrain).

Pons, Cerebellum, Diencephalon.

  • Functions of the pons (control of respiration, etc.)
  • How pons interacts with the cerebellum
  • Functions of the medulla oblongata
  • The cerebellum as the body's choreographer receiving sensory inputs.
  • Thalamus and hypothalamus and their homeostatic functions, and roles in sensory/motor information.
  • Pineal gland function.

Cerebrum and Spinal Cord Structure

  • Cerebral cortex convolutions (fissures, gyri, sulci) and relationship to brainpower
  • Understand the gray and white matter, and the direction of sensory and motor information, and what is transported where.

Reflexes

  • General components of a reflex arc
  • Innate vs. acquired reflexes
  • Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes
  • Detailed examine a specific reflex (e.g., patellar tendon reflex), including inhibition/stimulation aspects.

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Biol 205 Fall 2020 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the characteristics and functions of different muscle types: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Understand the organization and structure of skeletal muscle, including the sliding filament model. This quiz provides a comprehensive overview of muscle tissue in the human body.

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