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Questions and Answers
Which type of muscle is characterized by long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with multiple peripheral nuclei?
Which type of muscle is characterized by long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with multiple peripheral nuclei?
- Skeletal muscle (correct)
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Epithelial muscle
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?
- Involuntary contraction to pump blood (correct)
- Control of pupil and airflow
- Voluntary movement
- Facial expression and posture
Which muscle type has one central nucleus and is classified as non-striated?
Which muscle type has one central nucleus and is classified as non-striated?
- Smooth muscle (correct)
- Skeletal muscle
- Ciliary muscle
- Cardiac muscle
Which muscle is responsible for the movement of the jaw during chewing?
Which muscle is responsible for the movement of the jaw during chewing?
Which muscle group is primarily involved in breath control during inhalation?
Which muscle group is primarily involved in breath control during inhalation?
Which muscle is involved in facial expression and controls the opening and closing of the eyes?
Which muscle is involved in facial expression and controls the opening and closing of the eyes?
What type of muscle is found in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract?
What type of muscle is found in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following muscles is categorized under the abdomen?
Which of the following muscles is categorized under the abdomen?
What is the function of the zygomaticus major muscle?
What is the function of the zygomaticus major muscle?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movement?
Which muscle layer surrounds each fascicle?
Which muscle layer surrounds each fascicle?
What term describes the primary muscle involved in a movement?
What term describes the primary muscle involved in a movement?
Which of the following movements is characterized by bending a joint?
Which of the following movements is characterized by bending a joint?
What is the action of the triceps during elbow flexion?
What is the action of the triceps during elbow flexion?
Which movement is defined as the foot flexing towards the shin?
Which movement is defined as the foot flexing towards the shin?
What term describes the movement of bringing a body part towards the midline?
What term describes the movement of bringing a body part towards the midline?
Which of the following muscles would be classified as a flexor?
Which of the following muscles would be classified as a flexor?
What is the function of fixators in muscle movements?
What is the function of fixators in muscle movements?
How would you classify a muscle that contracts simultaneously with another muscle?
How would you classify a muscle that contracts simultaneously with another muscle?
Which type of muscle movement involves turning the palm posteriorly?
Which type of muscle movement involves turning the palm posteriorly?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the heart?
What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle from smooth muscle?
What characteristic distinguishes skeletal muscle from smooth muscle?
Which muscle type functions primarily in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which muscle type functions primarily in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following muscles is classified as part of the abdomen?
Which of the following muscles is classified as part of the abdomen?
What type of muscle is primarily responsible for generating facial expressions?
What type of muscle is primarily responsible for generating facial expressions?
Which muscle is involved in breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which muscle is involved in breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Which muscle type is known for its fusiform shape and controls airflow in the respiratory tract?
Which muscle type is known for its fusiform shape and controls airflow in the respiratory tract?
Which muscle is known for its role in elevating the jaw during chewing?
Which muscle is known for its role in elevating the jaw during chewing?
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for posture and movement of the back?
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for posture and movement of the back?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the movement of the eyebrows?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the movement of the eyebrows?
What is the role of the perimysium in muscle structure?
What is the role of the perimysium in muscle structure?
Which muscle classification opposes the action of the agonist?
Which muscle classification opposes the action of the agonist?
What is the definition of dorsiflexion?
What is the definition of dorsiflexion?
Which term describes the movement of bringing a body part away from the midline?
Which term describes the movement of bringing a body part away from the midline?
What does the term 'fixator' refer to in muscular movements?
What does the term 'fixator' refer to in muscular movements?
Which of the following movements is categorized as elevation?
Which of the following movements is categorized as elevation?
What describes the muscle 'rectus' in terms of fiber direction?
What describes the muscle 'rectus' in terms of fiber direction?
Which movement involves turning the sole of the foot outward?
Which movement involves turning the sole of the foot outward?
Which of the following muscle actions describes 'supination'?
Which of the following muscle actions describes 'supination'?
What type of muscle classification represents the number of origins?
What type of muscle classification represents the number of origins?
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Study Notes
Muscle Structure
- Muscles are composed of muscle fibers.
- Neuronal stimuli cause muscle fibers to contract.
- Fascicles are groups of muscle fibers.
- Perimysium surrounds each fascicle, while endomysium fills spaces between fibers; tendons extend from endomysium.
- Epimysium is a tough layer that encases all fascicles within a muscle.
Muscle Attachment and Movement
- Origin: The muscle end attached to an immovable bone.
- Insertion: The muscle end attached to a movable bone.
- Agonist: The primary muscle that performs an action (e.g., biceps during elbow flexion).
- Antagonist: A muscle that opposes the agonist (e.g., triceps against biceps).
- Synergist: A muscle that assists the agonist (e.g., brachioradialis with biceps).
- Fixators stabilize the origin to enhance agonist function (e.g., stabilizing the scapula during elbow flexion).
Types of Muscle Movements
- Flexion: Bending of a joint.
- Extension: Straightening of a joint.
- Dorsiflexion: Flexing the foot upwards towards the shin.
- Plantar flexion: Extending the ankle (pointing toes).
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
- Supination: Turning the palm upwards.
- Pronation: Turning the palm downwards.
- Protraction: Moving a body part forward.
- Retraction: Moving a body part backward.
- Elevation: Raising a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Circumduction: Circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
- Opposition: Thumb movement for grasping tools.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis (as in the hip and shoulder joints).
Naming Muscles
- Direction of fibers: rectus (straight), transverse (horizontal), oblique (diagonal).
- Location: pectoralis (chest), brachialis (arm), external (outer), internal (inner).
- Shape: deltoid (triangular), trapezius, longus (long).
- Origin and insertion are indicated in names (e.g., sternocleidomastoid).
- Number of origins: biceps (2), triceps (3), quadriceps (4).
- Action descriptors: flexor, extensor, levator, adductor.
Histology of Muscles
- Skeletal Muscle: Long, cylindrical fibers; striated and multinucleated; responsible for movement, facial expression, voluntary actions.
- Cardiac Muscle: Short, branched cells with striations and intercalated discs; involuntary muscle found in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: Fusiform, non-striated cells with a single nucleus; found in viscera, regulating functions such as GI contractions, airflow, and pupil control.
Key Muscle Groups
- Head and Neck: Includes orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, frontalis, occipitalis, temporalis, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator, sternocleidomastoid, and masseter.
- Abdomen: Comprises rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and diaphragm.
- Chest: Contains pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior.
- Back: Features latissimus dorsi and trapezius.
Muscle Structure
- Muscles are composed of muscle fibers.
- Neuronal stimuli cause muscle fibers to contract.
- Fascicles are groups of muscle fibers.
- Perimysium surrounds each fascicle, while endomysium fills spaces between fibers; tendons extend from endomysium.
- Epimysium is a tough layer that encases all fascicles within a muscle.
Muscle Attachment and Movement
- Origin: The muscle end attached to an immovable bone.
- Insertion: The muscle end attached to a movable bone.
- Agonist: The primary muscle that performs an action (e.g., biceps during elbow flexion).
- Antagonist: A muscle that opposes the agonist (e.g., triceps against biceps).
- Synergist: A muscle that assists the agonist (e.g., brachioradialis with biceps).
- Fixators stabilize the origin to enhance agonist function (e.g., stabilizing the scapula during elbow flexion).
Types of Muscle Movements
- Flexion: Bending of a joint.
- Extension: Straightening of a joint.
- Dorsiflexion: Flexing the foot upwards towards the shin.
- Plantar flexion: Extending the ankle (pointing toes).
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
- Supination: Turning the palm upwards.
- Pronation: Turning the palm downwards.
- Protraction: Moving a body part forward.
- Retraction: Moving a body part backward.
- Elevation: Raising a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
- Circumduction: Circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
- Opposition: Thumb movement for grasping tools.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis (as in the hip and shoulder joints).
Naming Muscles
- Direction of fibers: rectus (straight), transverse (horizontal), oblique (diagonal).
- Location: pectoralis (chest), brachialis (arm), external (outer), internal (inner).
- Shape: deltoid (triangular), trapezius, longus (long).
- Origin and insertion are indicated in names (e.g., sternocleidomastoid).
- Number of origins: biceps (2), triceps (3), quadriceps (4).
- Action descriptors: flexor, extensor, levator, adductor.
Histology of Muscles
- Skeletal Muscle: Long, cylindrical fibers; striated and multinucleated; responsible for movement, facial expression, voluntary actions.
- Cardiac Muscle: Short, branched cells with striations and intercalated discs; involuntary muscle found in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: Fusiform, non-striated cells with a single nucleus; found in viscera, regulating functions such as GI contractions, airflow, and pupil control.
Key Muscle Groups
- Head and Neck: Includes orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, frontalis, occipitalis, temporalis, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator, sternocleidomastoid, and masseter.
- Abdomen: Comprises rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and diaphragm.
- Chest: Contains pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior.
- Back: Features latissimus dorsi and trapezius.
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