Muscle Physiology: Skeletal Muscle Lecture 3
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Questions and Answers

The muscle is a contractile muscle tissue and accomplishes diverse functions. What is NOT an example of muscle functions?

  • Digestion
  • Initiate electrical impulses (correct)
  • Supporting locomotion
  • Generating body heat
  • What is contractility in muscles?

  • The ability to shorten (correct)
  • The ability to generate body heat
  • The ability to stretch
  • The ability to circulate blood and lymph
  • Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle?

  • Respiration
  • Parturition
  • Digestion
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • What is the correct order of orginization of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Epimysium, fasicle, perimysium, endomysium, myofibril, myofilament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of muscles as discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Skeletal, smooth and cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>All statements are true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is synonymous to the cell membrane of a muscle fiber?

    <p>Sarcolemma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a muscular property?

    <p>More than one above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of muscle fibers, respectively?

    <p>Type 1 (slow twitch red fibers), Type 2 (Fast twitch white fibers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched?

    <p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thick myofilament, and what describes the properties/composition best?

    <p>Myosin, it contains a tail of intertwined helices with two globular heads that can bind to ATP and Actin as it functions as an ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of myofilaments?

    <p>Actin, troponin, tropomyosin, and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epimysium?

    <p>To surround the entire muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the thin myofilaments and their function or composition, respectively?

    <p>Actin and tropomyosin form a large helical complex; the end of these actin filaments are attached to a Z disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type 1 muscle fibers?

    <p>To provide slow, prolonged activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of type 2B muscle fibers?

    <p>Fast-contracting and fast-fatiguing glycolytic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus?

    <p>Excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the small bundle or cluster of muscle fibers?

    <p>Fascicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the perimysium?

    <p>To surround each fascicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myosin heads in muscle contraction?

    <p>To bind to actin, forming these cross-bridges, and shorten the sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers contain more type 2B fibers?

    <p>Muscles designed for sprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of titin filamentous molecules?

    <p>To keep the myosin and actin filaments in place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

    <p>To regulate calcium storage, release, and reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of myoglobin in muscle cells?

    <p>To temporarily store oxygen for intense muscular activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of thin filaments?

    <p>Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the T-tubules?

    <p>To carry the depolarization of the action potential to the interior of the fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of thick filaments?

    <p>Myosin only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the M-line?

    <p>To form the middle of the sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of troponin in thin filaments?

    <p>To bind to calcium ions and regulate muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myoglobin is found exclusively in ___________ and __________

    <p>skeletal and cardiac muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria supply contracting myofibrils with large amounts of energy in the form of ATP

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitochondria are more numerous in Type 2 fibers (red)

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sarcoplasmic reticulum is bigger in fast contracting fibers (type 2-white)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thick filaments in the sarcomere?

    <p>Generation of muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region within the A-band where thick filaments overlap?

    <p>H-Zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the boundary between the A-band and I-band where thin filaments are anchored?

    <p>Z-Line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which muscle contraction occurs, where thick and thin filaments slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere length?

    <p>Sliding Filament Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is incorrect about myofilament organization?

    <p>The M line is the light zone in the center made from thick filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myofilaments contain the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Muscle Functions

    • Muscle is a contractile tissue that accomplishes diverse functions, including:
      • Locomotion
      • Respiration
      • Digestion
      • Parturition
      • Blood and lymph circulation
      • Swallowing
      • Generation of body heat

    Muscular Properties

    • Muscle has four specific properties:
      • Contractility: the ability to contract or shorten
      • Excitability: the capacity to receive and respond to a stimulus
      • Extensibility: the ability to be stretched
      • Elasticity: the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched

    Types of Muscle

    • There are three types of muscle:
      • Skeletal muscle (40% of body mass)
      • Smooth muscle (10% of body mass)
      • Cardiac muscle
    • Each type of muscle has distinct characteristics, including:
      • Contractions: fast, slow, or fast
      • Location: trunk, extremities, head, and neck; viscera, blood vessels; heart
      • Control: voluntary, involuntary, or involuntary

    Skeletal Muscle

    • Skeletal muscle is crucial for body movement and is attached to bones, usually by tendons
    • It is stimulated by a motor nerve and is under voluntary (conscious) control
    • Body movement is the result of the contraction of skeletal muscle across a movable joint
    • Most joints have one or more muscles on both sides to increase or decrease their angle

    Organization of Skeletal Muscle

    • Skeletal muscle has a hierarchical organization:
      • Epimysium: a sheath of connective tissue surrounding the muscle
      • Fascicle: a small bundle or cluster of muscle fibers (cells)
      • Perimysium: connective tissue extensions from the epimysium that surrounds each fascicle
      • Endomysium: connective tissue extensions from the perimysium that surrounds the individual muscle fibers and is attached to the sarcolemma
    • Muscle fibers are long, cylindrical, and multinucleated, containing the basic contractile units (sarcomeres)

    Types of Muscle Fibers

    • Mammalian muscles are composed of muscle fibers with different contractile properties:
      • Type 1 (red fibers): slow-contracting and fatigue-resistant, rich in mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries
      • Type 2 (white fibers): fast-contracting and more easily fatigable, with fewer mitochondria, relying on glycolytic metabolism
      • Type 2a: mixed oxidative-glycolytic, fast-contracting, and fatigue-resistant (intermediate between type 1 and type 2b)
      • Type 2b: fast-contracting, fast-fatiguing, and glycolytic, relying on glycogen for energy supply

    Myofilaments

    • Myofilaments are responsible for actual muscle contraction:
      • Thin filaments: composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
      • Thick filaments: composed of myosin, with multiple myosin molecules, each containing a tail and two globular heads that can bind both ATP and actin
      • Myosin heads flex and relax, forming cross-bridges that interact with actin to shorten the sarcomere

    Organization of Myofilaments

    • Myofilaments are organized into sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of striated muscle fibers:
      • Sarcomeres are found between Z lines or Z disks and contain protein myofilaments (thin and thick)
      • Thin filaments are composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin, and are responsible for interacting with myosin heads
      • Thick filaments are composed of myosin and are responsible for generating force

    Organelles of the Muscle Cell

    • Organelles of the muscle cell include:
      • Sarcoplasmic reticulum: specialized endoplasmic reticulum that regulates calcium storage, release, and reuptake
      • Mitochondria: present in large numbers, lying in parallel to the myofibrils, supplying contracting myofibrils with energy in the form of ATP
      • T-tubules: tubules arranged transversely to the myofibril, allowing the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber to carry the depolarization of the action potential to the interior of the fiber
      • Myoglobin: a protein located primarily in the striated muscles of vertebrates, serving as a local oxygen reservoir and temporarily providing oxygen during periods of intense muscular activity

    Sarcomere Structure

    • Functional unit of muscle contraction, composed of organized myofilaments

    Myofilament Organization

    • Thick filaments composed of myosin, responsible for contraction
    • Thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin, regulating contraction

    Sarcomere Regions

    • A-Band: region with thick filaments, including
      • H-Zone: region of thick filament overlap
      • M-Line: region of thick filament anchoring
    • I-Band: region with thin filaments, including
      • Z-Disk: region of thin filament anchoring
    • Z-Line: boundary between A-Band and I-Band, with thin filament anchoring

    Important Features

    • Sarcomere length: 2.5-3.5 μm, varying by muscle type
    • Myofilament overlap: necessary for contraction, between thick and thin filaments
    • Sliding Filament Theory: mechanism of muscle contraction, where filaments slide past each other to shorten sarcomere length

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of muscle physiology, including muscle function, properties, and types of muscle fibers. Learn about the levels of organization in skeletal muscle and more.

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