Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of calcium ions (Ca2+) during muscle contraction?
What is the primary role of calcium ions (Ca2+) during muscle contraction?
- To trigger calcium reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- To inhibit cross-bridge activity
- To decrease muscle tension
- To initiate the conformational change in troponin (correct)
Which muscle fiber type is characterized by high myosin-ATPase activity and rapid energy availability?
Which muscle fiber type is characterized by high myosin-ATPase activity and rapid energy availability?
- Fast-oxidative (Type IIa) fibers
- Intermediate-oxidative fibers
- Fast-glycolytic (Type IIx) fibers (correct)
- Slow-oxidative (Type I) fibers
What process involves calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
What process involves calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?
- ATP hydrolysis
- Cross-bridge cycling
- Muscle relaxation mechanisms
- Excitation-contraction coupling (correct)
What occurs during muscle relaxation concerning calcium ions?
What occurs during muscle relaxation concerning calcium ions?
Which type of muscle fibers is more resistant to fatigue?
Which type of muscle fibers is more resistant to fatigue?
Which of these muscle types relies on calcium-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chain for contraction?
Which of these muscle types relies on calcium-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chain for contraction?
What is the typical duration for the time before the onset of contraction due to Ca2+ release?
What is the typical duration for the time before the onset of contraction due to Ca2+ release?
Which statement accurately describes the sliding filament theory?
Which statement accurately describes the sliding filament theory?
What is NOT a function of muscles?
What is NOT a function of muscles?
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary, striated tissue?
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary, striated tissue?
Which structural feature distinguishes skeletal muscles from smooth muscles?
Which structural feature distinguishes skeletal muscles from smooth muscles?
What is the primary function of myosin in muscle contraction?
What is the primary function of myosin in muscle contraction?
What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
What role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
Which of the following pathways does not require oxygen for ATP production during muscle activity?
Which of the following pathways does not require oxygen for ATP production during muscle activity?
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle?
What characterizes the organization of cardiac muscle cells?
What characterizes the organization of cardiac muscle cells?
What occurs during the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
What occurs during the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?
What correctly describes the structural organization of skeletal muscle?
What correctly describes the structural organization of skeletal muscle?
Which component is responsible for the regeneration of ATP during intense exercise?
Which component is responsible for the regeneration of ATP during intense exercise?
In the context of limiting factors for ATP production, what is the role of lactic acid during anaerobic conditions?
In the context of limiting factors for ATP production, what is the role of lactic acid during anaerobic conditions?
What is the appearance of smooth muscle tissue?
What is the appearance of smooth muscle tissue?
What happens to tropomyosin when calcium binds to troponin?
What happens to tropomyosin when calcium binds to troponin?
Which statement accurately describes the function of ATP in muscle fibers?
Which statement accurately describes the function of ATP in muscle fibers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle fibers?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skeletal muscle fibers?
What is the correct sequence of muscle structure from largest to smallest?
What is the correct sequence of muscle structure from largest to smallest?
What is produced during glycolysis in terms of energy yield?
What is produced during glycolysis in terms of energy yield?
What primarily determines the percentage of different muscle fiber types in an individual?
What primarily determines the percentage of different muscle fiber types in an individual?
Which muscle adaptation is primarily associated with anaerobic high-intensity resistance training?
Which muscle adaptation is primarily associated with anaerobic high-intensity resistance training?
Under what circumstances can slow and fast muscle fibers become interconvertible?
Under what circumstances can slow and fast muscle fibers become interconvertible?
What is a common effect of sarcopenia after the age of 50?
What is a common effect of sarcopenia after the age of 50?
How does testosterone influence muscle fibers?
How does testosterone influence muscle fibers?
What is a key factor that contributes to muscle atrophy?
What is a key factor that contributes to muscle atrophy?
Which statement accurately reflects the characteristics of muscle fibers?
Which statement accurately reflects the characteristics of muscle fibers?
What is a characteristic change seen in muscle fibers as one ages?
What is a characteristic change seen in muscle fibers as one ages?
What role do tendons play in muscle contractions?
What role do tendons play in muscle contractions?
Which contraction type maintains a constant length while tension increases?
Which contraction type maintains a constant length while tension increases?
What is a disadvantage of the lever system in the context of skeletal muscle?
What is a disadvantage of the lever system in the context of skeletal muscle?
What happens during eccentric contraction?
What happens during eccentric contraction?
Which muscle fiber type is more susceptible to damage from eccentric exercises?
Which muscle fiber type is more susceptible to damage from eccentric exercises?
Which best describes isokinetic contraction?
Which best describes isokinetic contraction?
Which factors contribute to the amplification of velocity in skeletal muscles?
Which factors contribute to the amplification of velocity in skeletal muscles?
What distinguishes concentric contraction from other types of muscle contraction?
What distinguishes concentric contraction from other types of muscle contraction?
What is the relationship between load and velocity during concentric contractions?
What is the relationship between load and velocity during concentric contractions?
What primarily influences the strength of graded contractions in a whole muscle?
What primarily influences the strength of graded contractions in a whole muscle?
Which factor does NOT influence muscle tension?
Which factor does NOT influence muscle tension?
Which statement about the optimal muscle length for maximal tension is true?
Which statement about the optimal muscle length for maximal tension is true?
What happens when there is an increase in muscle fiber fatigue?
What happens when there is an increase in muscle fiber fatigue?
How does twitch summation occur in muscle contraction?
How does twitch summation occur in muscle contraction?
How does motor unit recruitment affect muscle contraction strength?
How does motor unit recruitment affect muscle contraction strength?
What percentage of energy used by muscles in eccentric contractions is converted into heat?
What percentage of energy used by muscles in eccentric contractions is converted into heat?
What is the primary action of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
What is the primary action of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
Where does the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle originate?
Where does the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle originate?
Which nerve supplies the Extensor Hallucis Longus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the Extensor Hallucis Longus muscle?
What is the distal attachment of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
What is the distal attachment of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Which muscle acts to extend digits 2-5 and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot?
Which muscle acts to extend digits 2-5 and assists in dorsiflexion of the foot?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for adduction of the thigh at the hip, as well as flexion of the leg at the knee?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for adduction of the thigh at the hip, as well as flexion of the leg at the knee?
What is the primary nerve supply for the long head of the Biceps Femoris muscle?
What is the primary nerve supply for the long head of the Biceps Femoris muscle?
Which of the following muscles is involved in lateral rotation of the thigh?
Which of the following muscles is involved in lateral rotation of the thigh?
Which structure serves as the proximal attachment point for the Gracilis muscle?
Which structure serves as the proximal attachment point for the Gracilis muscle?
Where does the distal attachment of the Adductor Magnus occur?
Where does the distal attachment of the Adductor Magnus occur?
What action is primarily performed by the Adductor component of the Adductor Magnus?
What action is primarily performed by the Adductor component of the Adductor Magnus?
Which artery supplies blood to the Adductor muscles?
Which artery supplies blood to the Adductor muscles?
Which muscle acts to extend the thigh and flex the knee?
Which muscle acts to extend the thigh and flex the knee?
What is the primary action associated with Fibularis Longus?
What is the primary action associated with Fibularis Longus?
Where does the Fibularis Brevis attach distally?
Where does the Fibularis Brevis attach distally?
Which nerve supplies the Fibularis Longus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the Fibularis Longus muscle?
What is the primary arterial supply for both Fibularis Longus and Fibularis Brevis muscles?
What is the primary arterial supply for both Fibularis Longus and Fibularis Brevis muscles?
Which of the following accurately describes the action of Tibialis Anterior?
Which of the following accurately describes the action of Tibialis Anterior?
What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius muscle?
Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius muscle?
Which muscle primarily performs abduction and medial rotation of the thigh?
Which muscle primarily performs abduction and medial rotation of the thigh?
What is the distal attachment of the pectineus muscle?
What is the distal attachment of the pectineus muscle?
Which muscle is involved in lateral rotation, abduction, and extension of the hip joint?
Which muscle is involved in lateral rotation, abduction, and extension of the hip joint?
What are the medial and lateral boundaries of the femoral triangle?
What are the medial and lateral boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Which muscle is responsible for both flexion and lateral rotation at the hip joint?
Which muscle is responsible for both flexion and lateral rotation at the hip joint?
Which artery primarily supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
Which artery primarily supplies the gluteus maximus muscle?
What is the role of the superior gluteal nerve?
What is the role of the superior gluteal nerve?
Which of the following muscles does NOT attach to the linea aspera?
Which of the following muscles does NOT attach to the linea aspera?
What is the nerve supply for the vastus intermedius muscle?
What is the nerve supply for the vastus intermedius muscle?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the abduction of the thigh?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the abduction of the thigh?
What movement is primarily associated with the action of the gluteus minimus muscle?
What movement is primarily associated with the action of the gluteus minimus muscle?
What role does the deep femoral artery play in the blood supply of the thigh muscles?
What role does the deep femoral artery play in the blood supply of the thigh muscles?
Which structure does NOT contribute to the blood supply of the pectineus muscle?
Which structure does NOT contribute to the blood supply of the pectineus muscle?
Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the vastus lateralis muscle?
Which of the following actions is NOT performed by the vastus lateralis muscle?
What is the primary action of the adductor longus muscle?
What is the primary action of the adductor longus muscle?
Which vessel primarily supplies the rectus femoris muscle?
Which vessel primarily supplies the rectus femoris muscle?
What is the main action of the vastus medialis muscle?
What is the main action of the vastus medialis muscle?
Which of the following muscles originates from the anterior superior iliac spine?
Which of the following muscles originates from the anterior superior iliac spine?
Which muscles are primarily involved in the movement at the subtalar joint?
Which muscles are primarily involved in the movement at the subtalar joint?
Which bones contribute to the medial arch of the foot?
Which bones contribute to the medial arch of the foot?
Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the foot?
Which artery is primarily responsible for supplying blood to the foot?
Which two arteries branch from the common iliac artery?
Which two arteries branch from the common iliac artery?
What is the primary venous drainage from the foot?
What is the primary venous drainage from the foot?
Which structure is continuous with the femoral artery after it passes through the adductor hiatus?
Which structure is continuous with the femoral artery after it passes through the adductor hiatus?
Which component is NOT part of the arterial blood supply to the leg?
Which component is NOT part of the arterial blood supply to the leg?
Which two arteries are branches of the femoral artery?
Which two arteries are branches of the femoral artery?
Which artery is responsible for blood supply to the forearm?
Which artery is responsible for blood supply to the forearm?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in the upper limb?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in the upper limb?
Which of the following joints is not part of the upper limb's articulation?
Which of the following joints is not part of the upper limb's articulation?
What type of veins primarily drain the skin and fascia of the upper limb?
What type of veins primarily drain the skin and fascia of the upper limb?
Which bone is NOT a carpal bone in the wrist joint?
Which bone is NOT a carpal bone in the wrist joint?
Which structures are arranged in the correct order from lateral to medial in the cubital fossa?
Which structures are arranged in the correct order from lateral to medial in the cubital fossa?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers in the forearm's anterior compartment?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers in the forearm's anterior compartment?
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior extensor compartment of the forearm?
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior extensor compartment of the forearm?
Which nerve primarily supplies the muscles of the back of the arm?
Which nerve primarily supplies the muscles of the back of the arm?
What is the primary function of the flexor and extensor retinacula in the forearm?
What is the primary function of the flexor and extensor retinacula in the forearm?
What is the arterial supply that commences at the lower border of the teres major muscle?
What is the arterial supply that commences at the lower border of the teres major muscle?
Which part of the forearm includes the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Which part of the forearm includes the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?
Which structure serves as the origin for many forearm extensor muscles?
Which structure serves as the origin for many forearm extensor muscles?
Which boundary is NOT part of the cubital fossa?
Which boundary is NOT part of the cubital fossa?
Which part of the axillary artery is located beneath pectoralis minor?
Which part of the axillary artery is located beneath pectoralis minor?
Which two components of the forearm assist in maintaining the alignment of the radius and ulna during movement?
Which two components of the forearm assist in maintaining the alignment of the radius and ulna during movement?
What movement do the long head muscles primarily facilitate at the shoulder joint?
What movement do the long head muscles primarily facilitate at the shoulder joint?
Which of the following statements about the anterior flexor compartment of the forearm is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the anterior flexor compartment of the forearm is accurate?
Which nerve specifically innervates the arm muscles from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
Which nerve specifically innervates the arm muscles from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion and is classified as freely mobile?
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion and is classified as freely mobile?
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of a synovial joint?
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of a synovial joint?
Which nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of forearm muscles from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus?
Which nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of forearm muscles from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus?
Which segment does NOT form part of the upper limb anatomically?
Which segment does NOT form part of the upper limb anatomically?
What type of joint is exemplified by the acromioclavicular joint?
What type of joint is exemplified by the acromioclavicular joint?
Which structure in a synovial joint helps reduce friction and provides lubrication?
Which structure in a synovial joint helps reduce friction and provides lubrication?
Which blood vessel is primarily responsible for supplying the upper limb with oxygenated blood?
Which blood vessel is primarily responsible for supplying the upper limb with oxygenated blood?
What is the primary action of the Pectoralis major muscle at the shoulder joint?
What is the primary action of the Pectoralis major muscle at the shoulder joint?
What is the innervation source for the Serratus anterior muscle?
What is the innervation source for the Serratus anterior muscle?
Which muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Which muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?
Which muscle acts to depress the tip of the shoulder and protract the scapula?
Which muscle acts to depress the tip of the shoulder and protract the scapula?
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to the rotator cuff?
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to the rotator cuff?
What is the main action of the Teres minor muscle?
What is the main action of the Teres minor muscle?
The Levator scapulae muscle is primarily responsible for which of the following actions?
The Levator scapulae muscle is primarily responsible for which of the following actions?
Which of these muscles attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
Which of these muscles attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus?
What is the action of the Rhomboid major muscle in relation to the scapula?
What is the action of the Rhomboid major muscle in relation to the scapula?
Which nerve innervates the Deltoid muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Deltoid muscle?
Which joint is mainly involved in the articulation of the medial end of the clavicle?
Which joint is mainly involved in the articulation of the medial end of the clavicle?
The Acromion process of the scapula articulates primarily with which part of the clavicle?
The Acromion process of the scapula articulates primarily with which part of the clavicle?
What is the role of the Teres major in shoulder movement?
What is the role of the Teres major in shoulder movement?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for lateral rotation of the arm?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for lateral rotation of the arm?
Which muscle primarily functions to flex and abduct the wrist?
Which muscle primarily functions to flex and abduct the wrist?
What is the primary action of the Flexor digitorum profundus?
What is the primary action of the Flexor digitorum profundus?
Which muscle is primarily involved in pronation of the forearm?
Which muscle is primarily involved in pronation of the forearm?
The primary nerve supply for the Flexor carpi ulnaris is from which nerve?
The primary nerve supply for the Flexor carpi ulnaris is from which nerve?
The abductor pollicis longus plays a crucial role in which action?
The abductor pollicis longus plays a crucial role in which action?
Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and contributes to flexing the wrist?
Which muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and contributes to flexing the wrist?
Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Which muscle is NOT part of the posterior compartment of the forearm?
What is the function of the lumbricals in the hand?
What is the function of the lumbricals in the hand?
The Flexor pollicis longus primarily acts on which part of the hand?
The Flexor pollicis longus primarily acts on which part of the hand?
Which structure serves as the origin for the Extensor carpi radialis longus?
Which structure serves as the origin for the Extensor carpi radialis longus?
Which intrinsic muscle of the hand is primarily innervated by the ulnar nerve?
Which intrinsic muscle of the hand is primarily innervated by the ulnar nerve?
Which muscle is responsible for extending the index finger?
Which muscle is responsible for extending the index finger?
What joint movements are possible at the wrist joint?
What joint movements are possible at the wrist joint?
Which of the following muscles primarily flexes the elbow joint?
Which of the following muscles primarily flexes the elbow joint?
What structure is primarily responsible for conducting information away from the neuron's cell body?
What structure is primarily responsible for conducting information away from the neuron's cell body?
Which type of cell processes and transmits information in the nervous system?
Which type of cell processes and transmits information in the nervous system?
What is the primary purpose of the myelin sheath in neurons?
What is the primary purpose of the myelin sheath in neurons?
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?
What essential organelle is contained within the neuron’s cell body that supports its functionality?
What essential organelle is contained within the neuron’s cell body that supports its functionality?
Which of the following best describes synaptic transmission?
Which of the following best describes synaptic transmission?
What factor primarily determines the resting membrane potential in neurons?
What factor primarily determines the resting membrane potential in neurons?
Which component of the neuron is involved in the integration of information from multiple sources?
Which component of the neuron is involved in the integration of information from multiple sources?
Which structure is primarily responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord?
Which structure is primarily responsible for protecting the brain and spinal cord?
What is a key function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is a key function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
Which of the following describes how cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the CNS?
Which of the following describes how cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the CNS?
What role do the choroid plexuses play in the central nervous system?
What role do the choroid plexuses play in the central nervous system?
How does the brain's reliance on glucose affect its function?
How does the brain's reliance on glucose affect its function?
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is true?
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is true?
What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive, despite being only 2% of body weight?
What percentage of cardiac output does the brain receive, despite being only 2% of body weight?
What initiates the explosive depolarization during an action potential?
What initiates the explosive depolarization during an action potential?
Which statement accurately describes the refractory period?
Which statement accurately describes the refractory period?
How does myelination affect the conduction of action potentials?
How does myelination affect the conduction of action potentials?
What is the primary function of the Na+–K+ pump following an action potential?
What is the primary function of the Na+–K+ pump following an action potential?
What effect does K+ leaving the cell have during an action potential?
What effect does K+ leaving the cell have during an action potential?
What role does the frequency of action potentials play in stimulus discrimination?
What role does the frequency of action potentials play in stimulus discrimination?
In chemical synapses, how is information transmitted between neurons?
In chemical synapses, how is information transmitted between neurons?
What occurs during the after hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?
What occurs during the after hyperpolarization phase of an action potential?
What is the main function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the main function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What occurs during depolarization of a neuron's membrane potential?
What occurs during depolarization of a neuron's membrane potential?
Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which type of glial cell is primarily involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
What is characteristic of graded potentials?
What is characteristic of graded potentials?
Which sequence correctly describes the phases of an action potential?
Which sequence correctly describes the phases of an action potential?
What is the effect of voltage-gated Na+ channels opening during an action potential?
What is the effect of voltage-gated Na+ channels opening during an action potential?
In the context of ion channels, what is the primary function of mechanically gated channels?
In the context of ion channels, what is the primary function of mechanically gated channels?
What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?
What happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarization?
What is the result of graded potentials spreading by passive current flow?
What is the result of graded potentials spreading by passive current flow?
How does the action of microglia support neuronal function?
How does the action of microglia support neuronal function?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
What effect do excitatory synapses have on the postsynaptic neuron?
What effect do excitatory synapses have on the postsynaptic neuron?
What happens during the docking process in synaptic transmission?
What happens during the docking process in synaptic transmission?
How do inhibitory synapses influence the postsynaptic neuron?
How do inhibitory synapses influence the postsynaptic neuron?
What is one way in which drugs can affect synaptic transmission?
What is one way in which drugs can affect synaptic transmission?
In the context of neuron connectivity, what does divergence refer to?
In the context of neuron connectivity, what does divergence refer to?
What type of postsynaptic potential does acetylcholine primarily generate?
What type of postsynaptic potential does acetylcholine primarily generate?
What role do receptor channels play in synaptic transmission?
What role do receptor channels play in synaptic transmission?
What does the influx of calcium ions trigger during synaptic transmission?
What does the influx of calcium ions trigger during synaptic transmission?
Which of these statements about neurotransmitter-receptor combinations is accurate?
Which of these statements about neurotransmitter-receptor combinations is accurate?
What type of stimuli does the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system carry to the CNS?
What type of stimuli does the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system carry to the CNS?
Which statement accurately describes the somatic nervous system?
Which statement accurately describes the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What occurs during sympathetic dominance in the autonomic nervous system?
What occurs during sympathetic dominance in the autonomic nervous system?
Which component is part of an autonomic nerve pathway?
Which component is part of an autonomic nerve pathway?
What feature distinguishes the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
What feature distinguishes the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
During which state is the parasympathetic nervous system dominant?
During which state is the parasympathetic nervous system dominant?
What is the role of the ganglion in the autonomic pathway?
What is the role of the ganglion in the autonomic pathway?
Which of the following nerves innervates the heart in the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following nerves innervates the heart in the autonomic nervous system?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system regulates voluntary movements?
Which part of the peripheral nervous system regulates voluntary movements?
Which of these functions does the afferent division NOT perform?
Which of these functions does the afferent division NOT perform?
What connection type exists in the autonomic nervous system pathways?
What connection type exists in the autonomic nervous system pathways?
What type of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
What type of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
What nervous response is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
What nervous response is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Flashcards
Myosin Structure
Myosin Structure
Myosin is a protein with two intertwined golf club-like subunits. The heads form cross-bridges.
ATP Role in Muscles
ATP Role in Muscles
ATP is the energy source for muscle contractions. It's created in multiple ways, with or without oxygen.
Creatine Phosphate
Creatine Phosphate
Creatine phosphate provides a high-energy phosphate to regenerate ATP during exercise.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Sliding Filament Theory
Sliding Filament Theory
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Sarcomere
Sarcomere
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Muscle Contraction
Muscle Contraction
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Muscle Function
Muscle Function
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Skeletal Muscle Type
Skeletal Muscle Type
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Cardiac Muscle Type
Cardiac Muscle Type
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Smooth Muscle Type
Smooth Muscle Type
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Actin
Actin
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Myosin
Myosin
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Calcium's Role
Calcium's Role
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Muscle Organization
Muscle Organization
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Muscle fiber types
Muscle fiber types
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Muscle adaptation to exercise
Muscle adaptation to exercise
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Oxidative capacity
Oxidative capacity
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Muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy
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Fiber type interconversion
Fiber type interconversion
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Muscle repair
Muscle repair
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Muscle atrophy
Muscle atrophy
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Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia
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Slow-oxidative fibers (Type I)
Slow-oxidative fibers (Type I)
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Fast-oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
Fast-oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
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Fast-glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
Fast-glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
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Excitation-contraction coupling
Excitation-contraction coupling
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Calcium's role in muscle contraction
Calcium's role in muscle contraction
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Muscle Relaxation
Muscle Relaxation
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Muscle Contraction Time
Muscle Contraction Time
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Load-Velocity Relationship
Load-Velocity Relationship
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Graded Muscle Contractions
Graded Muscle Contractions
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Motor Unit Recruitment
Motor Unit Recruitment
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Factors Influencing Muscle Tension
Factors Influencing Muscle Tension
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Twitch Summation
Twitch Summation
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Optimal Muscle Length
Optimal Muscle Length
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Too Short Muscle Length
Too Short Muscle Length
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Too Long Muscle Length
Too Long Muscle Length
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Muscle Tension Transmission
Muscle Tension Transmission
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Lever System in Muscles
Lever System in Muscles
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Muscle Contraction: Isotonic
Muscle Contraction: Isotonic
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Muscle Contraction: Isometric
Muscle Contraction: Isometric
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Muscle Contraction: Isokinetic
Muscle Contraction: Isokinetic
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Concentric Contraction
Concentric Contraction
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Eccentric Contraction
Eccentric Contraction
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
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Superior Gluteal Nerve
Superior Gluteal Nerve
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Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery
Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery
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Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
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Pectineus Muscle
Pectineus Muscle
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Iliotibial Tract
Iliotibial Tract
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Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
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Piriformis Muscle
Piriformis Muscle
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Obturator Nerve
Obturator Nerve
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Sciatic Nerve
Sciatic Nerve
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Quadratus Femoris Muscle
Quadratus Femoris Muscle
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Adductor Magnus?
Adductor Magnus?
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Hamstring Muscles
Hamstring Muscles
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Gracilis
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Study Notes
Muscle Physiology I
- Muscles are specialized tissues enabling tension and shortening (contraction) to produce movement.
- Muscle functions include producing purposeful movements, propelling contents through hollow internal organs, and emptying contents to the external environment.
Muscle Functions
- Maintaining posture and body position
- Stabilizing joints
- Generating heat
- Assisting in circulation, digestion, and breathing
- Protecting internal organs
Muscle Types
- Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary, striated muscle bundles of long, thick, cylindrical, striated, contractile, multinucleated cells extending the length of the muscle. Multiple nuclei in a single cell.
- Cardiac Muscles: Involuntary, striated, interlinked network of short, slender, cylindrical, striated, branched contractile cells connected by intercalated discs.
- Smooth Muscles: Involuntary, unstriated, loose network of short, slender, spindle-shaped, unstriated, contractile cells arranged in sheets.
Skeletal Muscle Organisation
- Whole muscle → Fascicles → Muscle Fibers (cells) → Myofibrils → Sarcomeres
- Thick and thin filaments within sarcomeres are responsible for contraction.
- Tendons attach muscles to bones.
Sarcomere: Functional Unit
- Sarcomeres are the basic contractile units of skeletal muscle.
- Contain overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.
- The sliding filament theory explains how these filaments interact to cause muscle contraction.
- Band designations: I band (light), A band (dark), H zone (lighter region of A band), Z line (junction between sarcomeres)
Actin (Thin Filament)
- Actin is a protein forming the thin filament in the sarcomere.
- Tropomyosin and troponin block the myosin binding site on actin when the muscle is relaxed.
- Calcium binding to troponin causes a conformational change, moving tropomyosin and exposing the binding sites.
Myosin (Thick Filament)
- Myosin is a protein forming the thick filament in the sarcomere.
- Myosin heads form cross-bridges binding to actin filaments.
- ATP is crucial for the detachment and "cocking" of myosin heads, enabling the power stroke.
Role of ATP
- ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction.
- Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for the myosin head to detach from actin and "cock", enabling the power stroke.
ATP Production
- Muscle fibers generate ATP through various pathways, including creatine phosphate transfer, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the primary source of ATP for prolonged exercise.
Aerobic vs Anaerobic
- Aerobic: Uses oxygen to produce ATP (32 ATP). This is for prolonged exercise and is more efficient.
- Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen to produce ATP (2 ATP); lactic acid fermentation is used. This is for short, high-intensity exercise and is less efficient.
Sliding Filament Theory
- Thick and thin filaments slide past each other, increasing their overlap during contraction. This shortens the sarcomere which causes the whole muscle to shorten.
- Muscle contraction is based on the interaction of myosin and actin filaments.
Presence of Ca2+
- Calcium regulates actin-myosin binding by causing a shape change in troponin, exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin.
- This allows the myosin heads to bind and create cross bridges.
Power Stroke
- The myosin head rotates, pulling the actin filament inwards, shortening the sarcomere. Repeating cross-bridge cycling shortens the muscle.
Role of ATP in Muscle Relaxation
- ATP is needed to detach myosin heads from actin, allowing the muscle to relax.
- Active removal through reuptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum further contributes to relaxation.
Sarcomere Bands and Structure
- Z lines: The borders of a sarcomere. Shortens with muscle contraction, I band shortens, and H zone gets smaller.
- H zone: A portion of the A band, contains only myosin filaments, and shrinks with contraction.
- A band: Part of the sarcomere occupied by the myosin filament. Remains the same size through contraction.
- I band: Part of the sarcomere where there are only actin filaments.
- M line: Proteins that hold the myosin filaments together within the center of the A band.
What Happens When There is No ATP?
- Rigor mortis, the stiffening of muscles after death, occurs because the myosin heads are unable to detach from actin without ATP, causing persistent tension.
Smooth and Cardiac Muscles
- Smooth muscles: Involuntary control, single-unit smooth muscle is myogenic, slow-wave potentials, modification by the autonomic nervous system, rearrangement of cross-bridge attachments to restore tension, and "latch" phenomenon (prolonged tension while saving energy). Contraction differs from skeletal muscle due to structural differences (No troponin or tropomyosin in actin) and Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of myosin.
- Cardiac muscles: Found only in the heart, myogenic, innervated by the autonomic nervous system, highly organized, striated, short and slender fibers, and interconnected by gap junctions for coordinated contractions.
Functional Syncytium (beating as one)
- Wave of depolarization that spreads via gap junctions in cardiac muscles to coordinate contractions.
Muscle Adaptations
- Exercise: Increases oxidative capacity, muscle hypertrophy.
- Testosterone: Promotes myosin and actin synthesis and muscle growth.
- Interconversion: Type IIa fibers can transform into Type IIx fibers (not easily reversible unless in special circumstances)
- Repair: Satellite cells become myogenic precursor cells for repair following muscle damage.
- Atrophy: Loss of muscle mass.
Sarcopenia
- Gradual muscle loss after the 4th decade of life.
- Loss through inactivity comprises 1% per year, accelerating in males after age 50.
- Affects activities of daily living and bone mass.
Muscle Mechanics: Contractions
- Isometric: No change in muscle length (e.g., holding a weight).
- Isotonic: Constant tension, muscle length changes (e.g., lifting a weight).
- Isokinetic: Constant velocity, muscle length changes at constant velocity.
Other Types of Contractions
- Concentric: Muscle shortens.
- Eccentric: Muscle lengthens.
- Example: Bicep curl involves concentric contraction (lifting) and eccentric contraction (lowering) of the bicep muscles.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
- Eccentric exercise is more likely to damage muscles, resulting in sarcomere disruption and/or widening of space between thick and thin filaments. Fast (Type II) are more susceptible.
Load-Velocity Relationship
- The relationship shows that the maximum velocity of muscle shortening decreases as the load increases.
Graded Contractions
- Contractile strength: Dependent on the number of muscle fibers contracting and the amount of tension generated by each fiber.
Motor Unit Recruitment
- A motor unit comprises a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
- Increasing the number of motor units recruited increases the force of contraction.
Factors Influencing Muscle Tension
- Frequency of stimulation
- Length of the fiber at the onset of contraction
- Extent of fatigue
- Thickness of the fiber
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neuro physio, msk upper and lower limb anatomy, msk physio
