Muscle Physiology and Mechanics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between the rate of stimulation of a muscle fiber and its force production?

  • As the rate of stimulation increases, force production decreases.
  • The rate of stimulation has no impact on force production.
  • The relationship between stimulation rate and force production is complex and cannot be generalized.
  • As the rate of stimulation increases, force production increases. (correct)

Individuals with higher numbers of muscle fibers typically have what characteristic?

  • Improved endurance capabilities.
  • Lower force production potential.
  • Greater force production potential. (correct)
  • Faster muscle fatigue.

Which type of muscle fiber has a lower activation threshold?

  • Fast Twitch (FT) fibers.
  • The activation threshold varies depending on the individual's training level.
  • Both FT and ST fibers have the same activation threshold.
  • Slow Twitch (ST) fibers. (correct)

What does the Force-Velocity Relationship describe?

<p>The inverse relationship between the speed of muscle contraction and the force produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of warm muscles?

<p>Decreased range of motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of a pennate muscle fiber arrangement compared to a fusiform arrangement?

<p>Pennate muscles can produce greater force. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples would likely recruit more fast twitch (FT) fibers?

<p>Lifting a heavy weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second important function of muscle contraction, besides rotation of the bone segment?

<p>Stabilization of joints. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Young's modulus?

<p>It determines the material's resistance to deformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Young's modulus, what is the relationship between stress and strain for elastic materials?

<p>Stress is directly proportional to strain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is more resistant to deformation, copper or steel?

<p>Steel, because it has a higher Young's modulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'strain' represent in the context of material deformation?

<p>The change in shape of an object. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Hooke's Law in relation to Young's modulus?

<p>It states that the modulus of elasticity is constant for a specific substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the toughness of a material and its ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation?

<p>Tougher materials are more likely to absorb more energy during plastic deformation before fracture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the property of resilience in materials?

<p>Resilience is the measure of a material's ability to store energy during elastic deformation and return it upon unloading. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a tough material and a resilient material?

<p>A tough material is able to absorb more energy during plastic deformation, while a resilient material is able to absorb more energy during elastic deformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is resilience typically measured in a material?

<p>By the area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viscoelastic materials?

<p>They typically have a linear stress-strain relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues is NOT considered viscoelastic?

<p>Skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the mechanical response of viscoelastic materials considered time and velocity dependent?

<p>Becuase the material's response is determined by the rate of deformation, making it time and velocity dependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why viscoelastic materials are important in the human body?

<p>They allow for flexibility and adaptability in movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A material with a high resilience would be characterized by:

<p>A rapid return to its original shape after unloading. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following materials would be considered most brittle?

<p>A material that exhibits a small amount of plastic deformation before fracture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that influence the extent of deformation in a tissue or structure?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences deformation?

<p>The time at which the force is applied (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'load' in the context of tissue deformation refers to:

<p>Any external force applied to the tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'resolution of forces' refer to?

<p>The process of breaking a force down into its horizontal and vertical components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the direction of the applied force and deformation?

<p>The direction of force impacts the extent and type of deformation (e.g., compression, tension) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the ability of a muscle to return to its normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed?

<p>Elasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the distance between the maximum elongation and maximum shortening of a muscle?

<p>Excursion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of cross bridges formed between the actin and myosin filaments affect the contraction force of a muscle?

<p>A larger number of cross bridges leads to a stronger contraction force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the force built up within a muscle?

<p>Tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that determines the amount of tension a muscle can generate?

<p>The length of the muscle fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal range of muscle length for generating the most effective contraction force?

<p>When the muscle is partially contracted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes active insufficiency?

<p>A muscle can't generate enough force to shorten to allow full ROM in both joints simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'passive tension' refer to?

<p>Tension generated by the connective tissue surrounding a muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between torque, force, and perpendicular distance?

<p>Torque is directly proportional to both force and perpendicular distance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical definition of torque in the context of the human body?

<p>The amount of force a muscle needs to cause rotary joint motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what angle of pull is torque greatest?

<p>90 degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to torque as the angle of pull decreases from 90 degrees?

<p>Torque decreases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a muscle's efficiency at moving a joint greatest at 90 degrees?

<p>The force vector is perpendicular to the moment arm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is there very little torque produced when the biceps contracts when the elbow is nearly or completely extended?

<p>The perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation is close to zero. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the amount of torque produced by a muscle?

<p>The type of muscle fiber. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Law of Moments?

<p>The sum of clockwise moments must equal the sum of anticlockwise moments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Torque

The ability of a force to produce rotation about an axis.

Moment Arm

The perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation.

Law of Moments

In equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anti-clockwise moments.

Maximum Torque Angle

Torque is greatest when the angle of pull is at 90 degrees.

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Torque Decrease

Torque decreases if the angle of pull is less or more than 90 degrees.

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Efficiency of Muscles

Muscles are most efficient at moving joints when at 90 degrees.

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Zero Torque Condition

No torque is produced if the force goes through the axis of rotation.

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Formula for Torque

Torque = Force (F) multiplied by Moment Arm (s).

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Contractility

The ability of a muscle to shorten or contract when stimulated.

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Extensibility

The ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied.

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Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to return to its normal length after being stretched or contracted.

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Length-tension relationship

The relationship between muscle length and its ability to produce tension.

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Excursion

The distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening of a muscle.

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Force generation

The amount of force produced by a muscle during contraction dependent on cross bridges.

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Active insufficiency

A two-joint muscle cannot exert enough tension to allow full range of motion in both joints simultaneously.

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Optimum range

The specific length range of a muscle for the most effective contraction.

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Load-deformation relationship

The connection between applied load and resulting shape change in a structure.

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Deformation

Changes in shape experienced by tissues or structures under load.

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Factors affecting deformation

Includes size, shape, material, environment, and load characteristics.

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Magnitude of force

The size or strength of the load applied to a structure.

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Direction of force

The angle at which a force is applied affects deformation results.

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Muscle Fiber Types

Different types of muscle fibers produce varying force levels.

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Number of Muscle Fibers

More muscle fibers lead to greater force production.

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Cross-Sectional Area

Increased area of muscle fibers results in increased force.

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Rate of Stimulation

Faster stimulation increases muscle force output.

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Fiber Recruitment

More fibers activate as speed and force demands increase.

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Force-Velocity Relationship

As contraction speed increases, force decreases, and vice-versa.

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Fiber Architecture

Fusiform fibers excel in speed; pennate fibers excel in force.

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Muscle Temperature Effects

Warm muscles enhance elasticity and stimulation speed.

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Young's Modulus

A measure of a material's resistance to deformation under stress.

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Stress

The force applied per unit area on an object.

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Strain

The change in shape or size of an object relative to its original shape.

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Hooke's Law

States that stress is proportional to strain for elastic materials.

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Modulus of Elasticity

The ratio of stress to strain for a material, indicating its elasticity.

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Resilience

The ability of a material to absorb energy and return to its original shape after deformation.

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Elastic Limit

The maximum stress that a material can withstand without permanent deformation.

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Toughness

A material's ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation and sustain permanent deformation.

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Plastic Deformation

Permanent change in shape when a material is subjected to a stress beyond its elastic limit.

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Brittle Materials

Materials that fracture with little plastic deformation before breaking.

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Viscoelasticity

Property of materials that show both viscous and elastic behavior when deformed.

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Viscous Damping

The energy dissipation in a material caused by its viscosity when deforming.

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Time-Dependent Response

Behavior of materials that changes with the time they are subject to stress.

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Rate-Dependent Response

The change in a material's behavior based on the speed of applied stress.

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Energy Absorption

The capability of a material to take in energy prior to failure or deformation.

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Study Notes

Kinesiology - Biomechanics Handbook

  • This handbook is for BSc (Hons) Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy students at the University of Zimbabwe.
  • The content covers various aspects of kinesiology and biomechanics, including introductions to muscle mechanics, neuromuscular control of movement, mechanical properties of biological tissue, and arthrology.
  • The handbook includes course objectives, table of contents, recommended texts, program details (including lectures/topics), and course assessment criteria.
  • The material emphasizes a practical understanding of biomechanics in relation to human movement.

Module 1: Introduction

  • Discusses the application of Newton's laws of motion to the human body.
  • Analyzes the law of moments and its application to the body.
  • Covers levers as applied to the human body.
  • Explains free force diagrams and resolution of muscle forces.
  • Provides analysis of mechanical factors influencing turning forces at joints.

Module 2: Muscle Mechanics

  • Explores the mechanical properties of muscles.
  • Describes isometric and isotonic contractions.
  • Explains length-tension curves.
  • Demonstrates the relationship between muscle structure and function, including fiber type and morphology.
  • Covers synergistic and spurt/shunt muscle action.
  • Discusses factors influencing force production.

Module 3: Neuromuscular Control of Movement - Introduction

  • Outlines levels of integration of movement control in the nervous system.
  • Defines and explains the muscle spindle.
  • Discusses facilitatory and inhibitory influences on the final common pathway.

Module 4: Mechanical Properties of Biological Tissue

  • Introduces the concepts of stress and strain.
  • Explores elastic modulus and stiffness of matter.
  • Covers lubrication and viscoelasticity.
  • Describes the relationships between load and deformation in different tissues.
  • Examines the structural and material properties of biological tissues.

Module 5: Arthrology

  • Provides an overview of joints (articulations).
  • Defines basic terminology related to joints.
  • Explains the structural classification of joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial).
  • Describes the functional classification of joints.
  • Details different types of synovial joints such as ball and socket, hinge, saddle, and pivot joints.
  • Discusses joint positions (loose packed and close packed).
  • Explains the difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics.
  • Outlines the description of joint movements.
  • Provides an overview of the structural and functional classification of joints focusing on the mechanisms of joint movement and their clinical significance.

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