Chapters 1-8

The part of the skeleton that forms the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and their supporting bones (shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet).

Closer to the trunk of the body.

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

The basic unit of muscle contraction, containing myosin and actin filaments arranged in repeating patterns.

The proximal attachment point of a muscle (closest to the center of the body).

The distal attachment point of a muscle (farthest from the center of the body).

The muscle primarily responsible for creating a desired movement.

A lever type where force and resistance are on the same side of the fulcrum; usually creates speed but with less force.

Muscle shortens to perform work.

A training technique involving performing exercises with less or more resistance than normal, used for acceleration training.

Holding your breath during exercise.

The force of muscles changes with the distance of weights from joints.

Elbow flexion/extension exercises utilize first and third-class levers.

An important factor influencing muscle force during exercises using free weights.

A specific hormone binds to a specific receptor on a cell, like a key fitting into a lock.

Testosterone primarily influences neural changes, helping with muscle coordination and strength improvements.

Growth hormone and IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) directly promote muscle tissue growth and repair.

Steroid hormones, like testosterone, are fat-soluble and can easily pass through cell membranes.

High volume training with short rest periods (30 seconds) significantly increases growth hormone levels.

Pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, can follow two routes: conversion to lactate in the sarcoplasm or transport to the mitochondria for Krebs cycle.

The metabolic process where lactate is converted back into glucose by the liver, providing a source of energy during prolonged exercise.

The process where glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.

The process where glycogen is broken down back into glucose for energy.

The creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.

Stroke volume, the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat, increases. This is due to an increase in end diastolic volume, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output during aerobic exercise sessions.

Aerobic Power refers to the maximum rate at which your body can use oxygen during exercise. It's a measurement of how efficiently your body can use oxygen to produce energy.

Capillary Density refers to the number of tiny blood vessels (capillaries) within a particular area of muscle tissue. Increased capillary density allows for better delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working muscles.

Mitochondrial Density refers to the number of mitochondria in a muscle cell. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing energy (ATP). Increased density means more energy production.

Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of muscle fibers. Type II muscle fibers are fast-twitch fibers, which contribute to power and speed. Aerobic training leads to their hypertrophy, enhancing performance.

The period of the fastest growth during puberty. This is when children are more susceptible to injuries.

Strength gains in youth are primarily due to improvements in how nerves signal muscles, not just bigger muscles.

A system to assess biological maturation, like how developed a young person's body is.

Maintaining bone health and strength, especially during childhood and adolescence.

Loss of muscle mass and strength due to aging.

A mental and physical state characterized by a lack of fear, focused attention, effortlessness, and a sense of control. It's a state where athletes perform at their peak.

Negative thoughts and worries about performance that can hinder athletic performance.

Motivation driven by internal factors like enjoyment, satisfaction, and personal fulfillment.

Motivation driven by external factors like rewards, recognition, and avoidance of punishment.

Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a reward or positive consequence.

Actin filaments slide inward on myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere and contracting the muscle fiber.

Troponin binds with calcium, allowing cross-bridge interaction during muscle contraction.

Slow twitch fibers, resistant to fatigue, specialized for aerobic activities.

Fast fibers with a high anaerobic power, suitable for moderate-intensity activities.

Represents the electrical signal of atrial depolarization, leading to atrial contraction.

Improvements in strength, power, hypertrophy, muscular endurance, motor skills, and coordination, increased buffering capacity, ATP and creatine phosphate storage, and bone mineral density.

Heavy resistance training can decrease mitochondrial density in muscle fibers.

A short-term decline in performance due to intense training.

A prolonged state of overreaching that leads to decreased performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, and hormonal disturbances.

A long-term state of overtraining with persistent symptoms like decreased performance and increased fatigue.