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Questions and Answers
What type of dynamometry measures static F+R?
Which of the following is used to assess muscle electrical activity?
What is the purpose of Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS)?
What is the main difference between I/t and A/t curves?
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What is the purpose of Tensomyography?
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What is Isokinetic Dynamometry used for?
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What is Manual Muscle Testing used for?
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What is the grading scale used for in Manual Muscle Testing?
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What is the primary purpose of decreasing the temperature during manual muscle testing?
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During manual muscle testing, what is the ideal location for resistance?
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What type of muscle contraction is being assessed during a break test?
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What is the primary factor in determining the grade of muscle strength during manual muscle testing?
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What is the purpose of the 'make test' in manual muscle testing?
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What is the significance of 'validity and reliability' in manual muscle testing?
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What type of muscle contraction is being assessed during a 'make test'?
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What is the ideal body placement of the physical therapist during manual muscle testing?
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What is the primary function of a stabilizer muscle during manual muscle testing?
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What is the result of a normal isometric manual test?
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What is the purpose of assessing muscle tone during manual muscle testing?
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What is the role of a synergist muscle?
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What is the purpose of resisted movements tests in manual muscle testing?
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What is the result of a myotendinous injury in an isometric manual test?
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What is the purpose of palpation in manual muscle testing?
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What is the role of a neutralizer muscle?
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What is the primary purpose of determining the maximum weight that can be lifted in isotonic manual testing?
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What is a disadvantage of isotonic manual testing?
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Who proposed the manual muscle testing procedure?
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What can influence the accuracy of manual muscle testing results?
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What is essential for an examiner to ensure the accuracy and reliability of manual muscle testing results?
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What should an expert clinician avoid doing during manual muscle testing?
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What is an important aspect of palpation skills in manual muscle testing?
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What can affect the reliability of manual muscle testing results?
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Study Notes
Research and Assessment Challenges
- Difficulties occur when assessing Grade 4 (G) muscle strength; Grade 3 or lower is considered questionable.
- Dynamometry is utilized for measuring static force and resistance in targeted muscles such as spine erectors and lower limbs.
Muscle Functional Testing
- Isometric and Isotonic testing curves represent muscle performance under different conditions.
- I/t curves inform about intensity over time, relevant for muscular fibers.
- A/t curves illustrate accommodation over time, applicable for nerves.
Tensomyography and Electromyography
- Tensomyography evaluates single muscle properties and monitors fiber condition continuously.
- Electromyography (EMG) records electrical activity in muscles via surface or intramuscular electrodes.
Isokinetic Dynamometry
- Assess muscle force dynamically within specific ranges of motion (ROM) at constant speeds.
Preparing for Muscle Testing
- Ensure a pain-free, comfortable position in a quiet atmosphere with proper temperature.
- Use firm support with minimal friction and avoid excessive postural changes during testing.
Muscle Manual Testing Types and Methods
- Resistance tests evaluate a muscle’s ability to maintain a position against resistance applied near its distal attachment.
- Break test involves isometric resistance at the end of ROM; "Hold without letting me break that position."
- Make test applies increased resistance throughout the movement, informing on concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) actions.
Validity and Reliability
- Assessment methods possess satisfactory validity and reliability for clinical application.
Muscular Assessment Overview
- A critical component of physical assessment, providing insights not obtainable through other means.
- Important in differential diagnoses, prognosis, and assessing neuromuscular/musculoskeletal processes.
Muscle Types and Their Roles
- Primary muscles are responsible for specific movements (agonists); they can switch roles with synergists.
- Accessory muscles assist agonists, while stabilizer muscles support segments during movement tests.
Assessment Techniques
- Visual inspection for atrophy or hypertrophy, palpation for tone and tenderness are essential for initial assessments.
- Resisted movement tests evaluate isometric and isotonic strength with specific criteria for performance and pain response.
Influences on Muscle Strength Testing
- Real muscle strength varies depending on the patient's physical and psychological state, including pain tolerance and comprehension skills.
- Examiner factors, like technical knowledge and palpation skills, significantly impact testing accuracy and reliability.
Cautions During Testing
- Avoid touching or holding the muscle belly during assessments unless evaluating for pain or hypersensitivity.
- An expert clinician must be attentive to patient feedback and articulate in interpreting their responses.
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Description
Assessing muscle function in grade 4, using dinamometry and electrical muscle stimulation, and understanding physiological and physiopathological muscle behavior.
