Muscle Function and Stabilization Quiz

Stabilization

• Advanced motions and engagement

Functional Classification of Muscles

• Mobilizers – Global – Phasic
  • Generates torque – movement producer
  • Concentric power
  • Shock absorption
• Stabilizers – Local – Tonic
  • Tension to control joint alignment
  • Minimal length change – isometric
  • Continuous activity with movement
  • High kinematic input
• Stabilizer – Global – mix

Function Classification with Spinal Muscles (Pg. 423)

• Mobilizers – Global – Phasic
  • Lumbar spine
    • Rectus abdominis
    • External/internal obliques
    • QL
  • Erector spinae
  • Iliopsoas
  • Cervical spine
    • SCM
    • Scalenes
    • Levator
    • Upper trap
    • Erector spinae
• Stabilizers – Local – Tonic
  • Lumbar spine
    • Transversus abdominis
    • Multifidus
    • QL – deep portion
  • Cervical spine
    • Rectus capitis anterior and lateralis
    • Longus colli

Stabilization Progression – for trunk

• Through more challenging posture or environment (for example)
  • Sitting to standing to standing on one leg
  • Firm surface to compliance surface to moving surface
  • Single plane to multiple planes
• Through action in that posture or environment
  • Attain
  • Maintain
  • Sustain

Stability Training

• Dynamic exercises within an equilibrium
• ATTAIN:
  • Joint positioning
  • Postural Training
  • External tape and bracing
  • Internal muscle bracing and holding
  • Isometric muscle contractions
  • Endurance
• MAINTAIN:
  • Midrange motions
  • Co-contractions
  • Eccentric antagonist contractions
• SUSTAIN:
  • Outside base of support
  • External perturbation
  • Closed kinetic chain
  • Open kinetic chain
  • Emphasize ballistic forces
  • Emphasize random forces

General Movement Concepts – PNF

• Mobility
• Stability
• Controlled Mobility
• Skill

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

• Manual methods of promoting the response of neuromuscular systems
• Methods are employed for altered or inefficient patterns of motion or posture

PNF (Ch 6; pgs. 215-223)

• Developed by physical therapists
• PNF use external stimuli to augment motor response
  • Tactile
  • Proprioceptive
  • Visual
  • Auditory

Patterns of Facilitation (p 215)

• "the stronger muscle groups of a diagonal pattern facilitate the responsiveness of the weaker muscle groups"

Diagonals of Movement

• Innate path in which maximal response of the trunk and extremities can be facilitated
• Head & neck, upper & lower trunk, upper and lower extremities
• "Normal coordinated patterns of motion are diagonal in direction with spiral components – facilitate strongest output"
• Reflects functional relationship of trunk and extremities

Movement Requirements

• Mobility
• Stability
• Controlled Mobility
• Skill

Indications for PNF

• Impaired mobility
• Impaired muscle performance
• Impaired endurance
• Impaired balance/stability
• Impaired posture
• Pain impairments

Body Positioning and Mechanics

• Stand in the diagonal plane whenever possible
• Forearms will move within the plane
• Manual contacts: Maximize to decrease pressure, specific to direction

Verbal and Visual Cuing

• Clear and concise
• Begin by providing information about full response
• Change to more simple cues for subsequent repetitions
• Alter tone according to goal
• Have patient follow motion with eyes

Manual Contact and Maximal Resistance

• Resistance to motion enhances muscle activation
• Manual contact always on the muscle contracting
• The direction, quality, and quantity of resistance are adjusted according to treatment goals
• Resistance should allow full ROM

Approximation and Traction

• Enhance muscle performance prior to treatment
• Traction – inhibition
• Approximation – facilitation

Stretch and Timing

• Quick stretch (used in repeated contraction) enhances muscle firing
• Timing of firing through cues and amount of resistance for coordinated movement

Techniques of Facilitation

• Techniques for Mobility
  • Rhythmic initiation
  • Rhythmic rotation
  • Repeated contractions
  • Hold and relax (prior lab)
  • Contract and relax (prior lab)
• Techniques for Controlled Mobility
  • Reversals of antagonists
  • Slow reversal
  • Slow reversal holds
  • Dynamic reversals of antagonists
  • Quick reversals
• Techniques for Stability
  • Alternating isometrics
  • Rhythmic stabilization

Stability – 1. Isometric Holds

• Resist antagonists in a predictable pattern; don't release pressure until opposite direction is contacted
• Improve strength of antagonists
• Improve balance of antagonists
• Improve stability
• Increase active and passive ROM following technique
• Decrease pain

Stability – 2. Rhythmic Stabilization

• Resist from proximal to distal segments, alternate in unpredictable pattern or rotation (co-contraction)
• Improve balance and stability
• Improve strength
• Integrate a new posture or ROM into function

Controlled Mobility – 1. Reversals of Antagonists

• Mid-range motions
• Slow Reversal; Slow reversal / hold (to facilitate agonist)
• Improve balance between agonist and antagonist

Controlled Mobility – 2. Dynamic Reversals of Antagonists

• (Two movements – opposite directions)
• Improve strength in the available ROM
• Improve balance and coordination of antagonist
• Improve endurance of antagonistic patterns

Summary

• PNF is a manual therapy approach to therapeutic exercise
• Treatment is based on improving motions that are used for functional activities
• PNF techniques are appropriate for different types of impairments

Summary (Stabilization)

• Regional - check joints above and below
• Progressive development
• Attaining - just holding any position
• Closed chain or open chain
• Maintain – internal perturbations
• Sustain - external perturbations
• Person controls position against external forces or movement outside of base of support

Test your knowledge on the functional classification of muscles, focusing on mobilizers, stabilizers, and their respective roles. This quiz includes details about spinal muscles, their functions, and how they contribute to movement and stabilization. A great way to reinforce your understanding of muscle dynamics!