83 Questions
What is one of the major hypotheses for the genesis of trigger points (TrPs) discussed in the chapter?
The energy crisis hypothesis
What cycle is related to the genesis of a trigger point according to the text?
Pain-spasm-pain cycle
What are the relationships examined in the chapter regarding trigger points?
Relationships between central and attachment TrPs
What is discussed at the end of the chapter regarding trigger points treatment methods?
Methods of sustained compression compared with deep-stroking massage
What is a trigger point?
A focal area of hyperirritability sensitive to pressure
What is the main characteristic of a latent trigger point?
Only causes pain under compression
Which term is used to describe trigger points that exist within skeletal muscle tissue or muscular fascia?
Myofascial trigger points
What are the two classifications into which all trigger points can be divided?
Active and inactive trigger points
Which hypothesis links the sliding filament mechanism and the energy crisis to the genesis of a trigger point?
Energy crisis hypothesis
What is the main difference between an active and latent trigger point?
Response to compression
What is the term used to describe taut bands of skeletal muscle tissue where trigger points are located?
Taut bands
Which type of TrP does not cause pain unless compressed?
Latent TrP
What term is used for TrPs located within skeletal muscle tissue or muscular fascia?
Myofascial TrPs
What is the key characteristic of an active trigger point?
It may produce pain even without compression
What links the sliding filament mechanism, energy crisis, and genesis of a TrP?
Energy crisis hypothesis
What is the main difference between an active and latent trigger point?
Response to compression
What is the basic structural and functional unit of muscle tissue?
Sarcomere
Where are the thin actin filaments attached in a sarcomere?
To the Z-lines
What causes the myosin-actin cross-bridges to form?
Attachment of myosin heads to actin filaments
What happens when no ATP molecules are present?
Myosin-actin cross-bridges break
What initiates the breakage of the cross-bridges between myosin and actin filaments?
Expenditure of ATP energy
Which component releases stored calcium ions into the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the role of T tubules in muscle contraction?
To transmit electrical impulses into the muscle fiber
What causes a structural change that exposes the binding sites of actin filaments to myosin heads?
Binding of calcium ions
What happens when no ATP molecules are present during muscle contraction?
Myosin-actin cross-bridges break
What occurs when ATP is present during muscle contraction?
Myosin heads attach to binding sites on actin filaments
What happens as long as ATP molecules are present during muscle contraction?
Cross-bridges break repeatedly
What contributes to the formation of the pain-spasm-pain cycle according to the text?
A buildup of noxious waste products irritating the nerves
Why do trigger points (TrPs) not form more frequently in the body?
Local muscle contractions are usually intermittent with rest periods allowing nutrient flow
What is a reason that trigger points (TrPs) are often found in postural muscles?
Isometric contractions without rest periods
What triggers the sustained partial depolarization of the motor endplate according to the text?
Excessive acetylcholine secretion
Why does local swelling in a muscle region contribute to trigger point (TrP) formation?
It compresses arterial blood vessels causing ischemia
What is a key factor implicated in the formation of trigger points (TrPs) according to the text?
Localized muscle injuries or irritations
What is the role of ATP molecules in the sliding filament mechanism?
Breaking myosin-actin cross-bridges
What initiates an electrical impulse that travels along the muscle fiber's membrane?
Neurotransmitters in the synapse
What is the function of T tubules in muscle fibers?
Transmit electrical impulses into the muscle fiber
Which molecule is likened to a battery due to its role in storing energy in muscle fibers?
ATP
In a muscle fiber, what is the primary role of ATP molecules?
Contracting sarcomeres
What happens if ATP molecules are not present during Step 11 of the sliding filament mechanism?
Myosin-actin cross-bridges will not break
What is the consequence of not having neurotransmitters in the synapse?
Prevention of impulse transmission into muscle fibers
Which structure absorbs calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after muscle contraction?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What initiates an electrical impulse that travels along the outer membrane of a muscle fiber?
Neurotransmitters in synapse
What is responsible for transmitting an electrical impulse into the interior of a muscle fiber?
T tubules
Which theory explains the genesis of trigger points (TrPs) based on energy availability?
Energy Crisis Hypothesis
What happens if ATP molecules are not present during reabsorption of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum after sarcomere contraction?
The sarcomere remains contracted causing pain
What can initiate the pain-spasm-pain and contraction-ischemia cycle that leads to trigger point (TrP) formation?
Chemicals causing local pain and tenderness
What can result in the tightening of a muscle via the pain-spasm-pain cycle, predisposing it to trigger point (TrP) formation?
Perceived pain in a muscle
What protective mechanism causes muscles in a region to tighten up if there is any pain or damage to an adjacent tissue?
Muscle splinting
What happens to a muscle that remains in a shortened state for a prolonged period, predisposing it to trigger point (TrP) development?
Adaptive shortening
What happens to muscle contraction when calcium ions are absent in the sarcoplasm?
The muscle contraction ceases
How does the presence of calcium ions affect the exposure of active sites on actin molecules?
It exposes the active sites
Why does a TrP continue to persist without therapeutic intervention?
Due to contraction-ischemia cycle
What role does ATP play in the formation of TrPs?
It helps in muscle relaxation
Why do venous vessels being closed off worsen the condition of TrPs?
Leads to accumulation of acidic waste products
What initiates the contraction-ischemia cycle during muscle contraction?
Blood vessel closure due to muscle contraction
How does the energy crisis hypothesis explain the formation of TrPs?
By depriving the sliding filament mechanism of ATP
What distinguishes a TrP from a globally tight muscle?
"Contracture" caused by central nervous system control
"Globally tight muscles occur due to an excess of __________." Complete the statement based on the text.
"Contraction"
What contributes to the lack of ATP molecules in the muscle tissue affected by tightness?
Closure of arterial blood vessels due to muscle contraction
Why does a muscle that contracts lose its blood supply?
To constrict blood vessels and restrict blood flow
How does a deficiency of ATP molecules lead to persistent muscle contraction?
By preventing muscle relaxation and causing continued contraction
Why do sarcomeres located closest to the motor endplate tend to form TrPs more easily?
They are constantly contracting and shortening due to the energy crisis hypothesis.
What term is used to describe the condition that results from constant irritation at the muscle's attachments?
Enthesopathy
What type of TrP is created by enthesopathy due to the pull of a central TrP?
Attachment TrP
How does excessive muscle contraction primarily contribute to the genesis of TrPs?
It reduces blood supply to the muscle tissue, leading to ischemia.
What happens if the pulling force of a central TrP is sufficiently strong according to the text?
It transfers to the ends of the myofibrils' attachment into bone.
What is a common circumstance that can lead to the formation of TrPs?
Excessive muscle contraction for a prolonged period.
Why do central TrPs tend to create an enthesopathy?
By pulling and stretching sarcomeres, causing irritation at muscle endings.
What happens when a taut band is created within a muscle tissue?
It compresses blood vessels, resulting in ischemia.
What is the basic structural unit and the functional unit of a muscle?
Sarcomere
Where are trigger points (TrPs) located within a muscle?
At the center of muscle fibers
What is the role of Z-lines in a sarcomere?
Anchor actin filaments
What initiates muscle contractions in response to a message from the brain?
Acetylcholine
Where do motor neurons meet individual muscle fibers?
At the motor point
Which filament is located at the center of a sarcomere?
Myosin filament
What floats across the synaptic cleft to bind to the motor endplate of a muscle fiber?
Acetylcholine
'Shortened active insufficiency' can lead to what condition mentioned in the text?
What structures run the entire length of a muscle?
Muscle fibers
What are some reasons why trigger points (TrPs) may form?
Myofascial TrP pain-spasm-ischemia cycle
Which type of muscles do not have their fibers run from attachment to attachment?
Pennate muscles
What does effective clinical treatment of myofascial pain syndromes require an understanding of?
Sarcomere structure
How does a muscle contract when ordered by the nervous system?
Acetylcholine
What is necessary to understand before discussing Trigger Points (TrPs)?
Sarcomere structure and sliding filament mechanism
Explore the relationship between increased ATP usage at the motor endplate of muscle fiber membrane and the formation of TrPs (Trigger Points). Learn how sarcomeres closest to the motor endplate tend to form TrPs more easily due to energy crisis. Delve into the integrated hypothesis linking energy crisis and dysfunctional endplate in TrP formation.
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