Muscle Contractions & Types

• The clavicle and the scapula articulate at the distal ends.
• Angular movements change/increase/decrease the angle between two bones.
• Isotonic contraction changes the muscle's length and moves the load.

Muscle Contractions

• The correct sequence of events for muscle contractions includes:
  • motor neuron action potential
  • neurotransmitter release
  • muscle cell action potential
  • release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  • ATP-driven power stroke
  • sliding of myofilaments

Smooth Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle

• The site of calcium regulation differs in smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle.

Unitary Smooth Muscle

• Unitary smooth muscle cells exhibit spontaneous action potentials.

Smooth Muscle

• Certain smooth muscle cells can divide to increase their numbers. Smooth muscle is characterized by all EXCEPT having more thick filaments than thin filaments.

Knee Flexion

• Paralysis of the hamstring muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee.

Plantar Flexion

• The popliteus muscle does NOT act in plantar flexion.

Forearm Extensor

• The triceps brachii is a powerful forearm extensor at the elbow joint. The serratus anterior is known as the "boxer's muscle."
• The transversus abdominis runs deep to the internal oblique. The buccinator helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing.
• The platysma tightens the neck and draws the corners of the mouth downward, expressing horror.

Stimulus Strength

• The central nervous system uses the frequency of action potentials to determine the strength of a stimulus.

Bipolar Neurons

• Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the retina of the eye.
• Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle.

Nervous System

• The nervous system's integrative function analyzes sensory information, stores information, and makes decisions.
• The absolute refractory period is when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus after an initial stimulus.

Neurons

• Neurons are NOT mitotic.

Somatosensory Cortex

• The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.

Spinocerebellar Tracts

• Spinocerebellar tracts carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum. Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain.
• The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia layers of meninges.

Vital Centers

• Vital centers for controlling heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the medulla oblongata.
• Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord.
• The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
• The sciatic nerve is a combination of the common fibular and tibial nerves.
• The median nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Bell's palsy is characterized by paralysis of facial muscles.

Spinal Reflex Arc

• The correct simple spinal reflex arc sequence is:
  • receptor
  • afferent neuron
  • integration center
  • efferent neuron
  • effector

Mixed Cranial Nerves

• Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except the olfactory nerve.
• Transduction refers to the conversion of Stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential.
• The coxal joint is most likely found in the hip region of the body.

Anatomical Position

• In anatomical position, the palms are NOT turned posteriorly.

Heart Healthy

• Olive oil toast spread is considered the most "heart healthy" with a family history of cardiovascular disease.

Plasma Membrane

• Increasing cholesterol in the plasma membrane makes it more stable, less fluid, and less permeable.
• A different glycocalyx on cancerous cells compared to other cells may result in cells of the immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them.
• The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions; there are relatively large numbers of desmosomes embedded within their plasma membrane.

Glucose Diffusion

• Decreasing the number of phospholipids in the plasma membrane will NOT speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell.

Oxygen

• The lungs deliver a regular supply of oxygen to the blood, which is in turn circulated to most all the cells of the body; oxygen will passively diffuse into the cells.
• The first step with an unknown organ sample for microscopy is to fix it with preservative.
• Ciliated simple columnar epithelium would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a conveyer belt to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.