Muscle Contraction and Walk Along Theory Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What initiates the muscle contraction according to the Walk Along Theory?

  • The binding of Calcium to troponin (correct)
  • The movement of tropomyosin
  • The release of ADP
  • The presence of ATP

    • The myosin head binds to actin in a weak binding state after calcium binds to troponin.

    True

    What occurs during the relaxed state of the myosin head?

    The myosin head changes its conformation and actin binding, preparing for contraction.

    Calcium binds to __________, causing a change in tropomyosin that reveals binding sites on actin.

    <p>troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the steps of the Walk Along Theory with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Starting rigor state = Myosin is strongly bound to actin. Detached state = Myosin pops off actin filament. Weak binding state = Myosin binds to actin after calcium binds. Strong binding state = Myosin head straightens after phosphate release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of curariform drugs on the end plate potential?

    <p>They block ACh channels by competing for ACh binding sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh to prevent prolonged muscle contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

    <p>Calcium stimulates contraction by allowing actin and myosin interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drug _____ decreases the release of ACh from nerve terminals, leading to insufficient stimulus for an action potential.

    <p>botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects:

    <p>Curariform drugs = Block ACh binding sites Botulinum toxin = Decreases ACh release Anti-AchE = Prolongs ACh activity Ach-like drugs = Activate ACh receptors without degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of specificity in receptor function?

    <p>To determine the type of sensation perceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Receptor adaptation refers to the receptors continuously responding at the same rate to a prolonged stimulus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the receptor potential as the intensity of a stimulus increases?

    <p>The receptor potential increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process where the membrane potential of a receptor adjusts based on stimulus intensity is known as __________.

    <p>receptor potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of receptor to its stimulus modality:

    <p>Mechanoreceptors = Mechanical deformation Chemoreceptors = Chemical applications Thermoreceptors = Change in temperature Photoreceptors = Electromagnetic radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects cardiac muscle fibers and reduces resistance between them?

    <p>Intercalated disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atria are located at the bottom part of the heart and pump blood upward.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the recovery period after an action potential in cardiac muscle?

    <p>Absolute Refractory Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium channels play a crucial role in ______ during cardiac muscle contraction.

    <p>excitation-contraction coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of cardiac muscle function with their descriptions:

    <p>Atria = Top part of the heart that pumps blood downward Ventricles = Bottom part of the heart that pumps blood upward Tricuspid valve = Valve between right atrium and right ventricle Pulmonary artery = Carries non-oxygenated blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the action potential allows sodium ions to flow into the cardiac muscle cell?

    <p>Depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of potassium channels during repolarization?

    <p>Potassium ions flow out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium2+ Induced Calcium2+ Release (CICR) occurs after action potentials trigger calcium release from the T tubules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters are classified as excitatory?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ephedrine is a neurotransmitter that inhibits postsynaptic neurons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does GABA have on the postsynaptic neuron?

    <p>hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is __________.

    <p>glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic vesicles?

    <p>Influx of Ca2+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dopamine acts exclusively as an excitatory neurotransmitter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of receptor proteins on the postsynaptic membrane?

    <p>They bind neurotransmitters and affect ion channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) cause a relative increase in __________.

    <p>negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as a neuropeptide?

    <p>Endorphins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spatial summation often induces action potentials.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'temporal summation' refer to?

    <p>The additive effect of neurotransmitters released in succession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter with its correct category:

    <p>GABA = Inhibitory Acetylcholine = Excitatory Endorphins = Neuropeptide Glutamate = Excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term __________ refers to a process where an influx of Na+ depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron.

    <p>Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates a second messenger cascade in neurotransmitter signaling?

    <p>G-protein activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main function of the opiate system?

    <p>Pain suppression during stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hangover headaches result from dehydration only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of headache is typically caused by emotional tension and muscle spasms?

    <p>Muscular tension headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brain tissue itself is insensitive to ______.

    <p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of headache with its cause:

    <p>Migraine = Vasospasm followed by prolonged vasodilation Hangover = Irritation of the meninges Tension headache = Emotional tension causing muscle spasms Sinus headache = Irritation of nasal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enkephalins in the body?

    <p>To suppress pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cold receptors outnumber warm receptors throughout the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of pain is referred pain thought to originate from?

    <p>Visceral pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The peak response of cold receptors occurs at ______ degrees Celsius.

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the phenomenon of spatial summation?

    <p>Exciting all inputs simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dura mater is not sensitive to pain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of headache may result from excessive contraction of facial muscles?

    <p>Eye strain headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an action potential reaches the Nernst potential, sodium channels are ______.

    <p>open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for the vasomotor center?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each receptor type with its temperature range:

    <p>Cold receptors = 7 to 44°C Warm receptors = 30 to 44°C Pain receptors = Below 7°C or above 44°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Semester Overview

    • Course Text: Chapters and Topics covered in the semester are listed by week
    • Online References: Links to Khan Academy resources for various topics within the semester, including cell biology, organ systems, the heart, circulatory, nervous, and respiratory systems. Additional links point to specific medical information relating to diseases for the topics covered.

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    BME 311 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the Walk Along Theory and its role in muscle contraction. This quiz covers various aspects including calcium's role, receptor adaptation, and effects of different drugs on muscle function. Perfect for students studying muscle physiology and neuromuscular junctions.

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