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Questions and Answers
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by having striated cells with multiple nuclei?
What type of muscle tissue is characterized by having striated cells with multiple nuclei?
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
What is a primary reason multicellularity evolved in organisms?
What is a primary reason multicellularity evolved in organisms?
What is the primary control type for smooth muscle?
What is the primary control type for smooth muscle?
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What type of epithelium allows for gas exchange in blood vessels?
What type of epithelium allows for gas exchange in blood vessels?
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Which of the following correctly describes the appearance of smooth muscle cells?
Which of the following correctly describes the appearance of smooth muscle cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
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What characteristic allows muscle tissue to change its membrane potential?
What characteristic allows muscle tissue to change its membrane potential?
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What does the term 'stratified' refer to in epithelial tissue?
What does the term 'stratified' refer to in epithelial tissue?
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How are cardiac muscle cells connected to each other?
How are cardiac muscle cells connected to each other?
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Which feature distinguishes skeletal muscle fibers from other muscle types?
Which feature distinguishes skeletal muscle fibers from other muscle types?
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Which cell shape is typically associated with simple cuboidal epithelium?
Which cell shape is typically associated with simple cuboidal epithelium?
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What is the main function of connective tissue?
What is the main function of connective tissue?
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What is one of the primary functions of muscle tissue?
What is one of the primary functions of muscle tissue?
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In which situation would a simple columnar epithelium be most likely found?
In which situation would a simple columnar epithelium be most likely found?
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How is epithelial tissue classified?
How is epithelial tissue classified?
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What is the primary feature that distinguishes simple epithelia from stratified epithelia?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes simple epithelia from stratified epithelia?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between surface area and cell size?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between surface area and cell size?
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What type of feedback loop counteracts internal changes?
What type of feedback loop counteracts internal changes?
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What is primarily regulated by negative feedback to maintain homeostasis?
What is primarily regulated by negative feedback to maintain homeostasis?
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What type of epithelium has cells that change shape in response to tension?
What type of epithelium has cells that change shape in response to tension?
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Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?
Which hormone is released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high?
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In the context of homeostasis, what does the term 'effectors' refer to?
In the context of homeostasis, what does the term 'effectors' refer to?
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Which type of epithelium is found lining the trachea and often has cilia?
Which type of epithelium is found lining the trachea and often has cilia?
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Which of the following scenarios is an example of positive feedback?
Which of the following scenarios is an example of positive feedback?
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Which epithelium provides protection and resists abrasion?
Which epithelium provides protection and resists abrasion?
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Where is simple cuboidal epithelium typically found?
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium typically found?
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What component of the feedback system is impaired in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?
What component of the feedback system is impaired in patients with Type 2 Diabetes?
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What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?
What is the primary function of simple columnar epithelium?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a negative feedback system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a negative feedback system?
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Which of the following tissues lines the urinary bladder?
Which of the following tissues lines the urinary bladder?
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What is the primary role of the pancreas in glucose regulation?
What is the primary role of the pancreas in glucose regulation?
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What feature is characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
What feature is characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
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Which type of epithelial tissue lines the mouth and esophagus?
Which type of epithelial tissue lines the mouth and esophagus?
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What role do goblet cells play in certain epithelial tissues?
What role do goblet cells play in certain epithelial tissues?
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Which characteristics best describe transitional epithelium?
Which characteristics best describe transitional epithelium?
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What does the term coelom refer to in anatomy?
What does the term coelom refer to in anatomy?
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Which cavity is located posteriorly in the body?
Which cavity is located posteriorly in the body?
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What type of membrane lines the tubes of the digestive and respiratory systems?
What type of membrane lines the tubes of the digestive and respiratory systems?
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Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?
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Which type of membrane secretes synovial fluid for lubrication?
Which type of membrane secretes synovial fluid for lubrication?
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What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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Which plane is described as dividing the body into right and left portions?
Which plane is described as dividing the body into right and left portions?
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Which membrane covers the surface of the lungs?
Which membrane covers the surface of the lungs?
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What does a midsagittal section do?
What does a midsagittal section do?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering air in the respiratory system?
Which organ is primarily responsible for filtering air in the respiratory system?
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Which component is NOT part of the integumentary system?
Which component is NOT part of the integumentary system?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for the production of sex cells?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for the production of sex cells?
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What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
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Which structure is primarily involved in gas exchange?
Which structure is primarily involved in gas exchange?
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Which component of the endocrine system regulates blood glucose levels?
Which component of the endocrine system regulates blood glucose levels?
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What does the lymphatic system do?
What does the lymphatic system do?
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What is the role of skeletal muscles?
What is the role of skeletal muscles?
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Which statement about the digestive system is incorrect?
Which statement about the digestive system is incorrect?
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Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information to and from the brain?
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for relaying information to and from the brain?
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What is a primary function of the integumentary system?
What is a primary function of the integumentary system?
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Which of the following organs is part of the respiratory system?
Which of the following organs is part of the respiratory system?
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Study Notes
Tissues and Systems
- Biology 122, Ryan R. Williams, M.D., Ph.D., California State University Dominguez Hills
- Tissues and systems are covered in the lecture.
- This lecture covers cell size limits
- Problems of biological structure and function
- Cells' surface area and volume ratio
Problems of Scale: What Limits Cell Size?
- Butterfly wing isn't one giant cell
- Bacteria aren't the size of frogs
- Elephants and mice have cells of similar size
As a Cell Increases in Size, What Happens to Its Surface Area?
- Surface area increases proportionally to the square of the linear dimension.
- Volume increases proportionally to the cube of the linear dimension.
- As cells increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases.
- A smaller ratio limits the movement of materials into and out of the cell
- Examples were used of 1mm, 2mm, and 4mm cubes.
Cells Must Acquire Nutrients and Remove Wastes
- Surface area to volume ratio relate to the rate at which materials can cross the cell membrane.
- This ratio decreases as cells grow, affecting the efficient transport of nutrients/waste products.
How do the SA/V Ratios Compare?
- Single large cell has a smaller surface area to volume ratio compared to a multicellular tissue.
- Diagrams were shown of a single large cell and a multicellular tissue/red blood cells.
- Surface area, volume, and SA/V are shown for various cells
Overview of Tissues
- Multicellularity evolved to increase surface area for diffusion across cell membranes.
- Tissues are collections of cells performing similar functions.
- Four major tissue types in the body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
- Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces/line cavities.
- Connective tissue binds supports body parts.
- Muscular tissue moves the body and its parts
- Nervous tissue conducts electrical impulses.
Epithelial Tissue
- Tightly packed cells
- Lines body cavities, covers surfaces, and is found in glands.
- Anchored by basal lamina (basement membrane)
- Classified by the number of cell layers (simple, stratified)/cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).
- Locations of various epithelial tissues were shown in diagrams
- Diagram examples include simple cuboidal, simple squamous and stratified squamous.
Connective Tissue
- Three Main types: fibrous, supportive, and fluid
- Extracellular matrix, ground substance, types of fibers in the tissues (examples: collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers are shown for each type of connective tissue)
- Examples of connective tissue types include loose, dense, cartilage, bone, and fluid connective tissues.
- Diagrams were shown for types of connective tissue (examples: dense connective tissues, cartilage, bone, and blood).
Muscle Tissue
- Specialized to contract and produce movements
- Three Types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
- Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary and attaches to skeleton via tendons.
- Smooth muscle is non-striated, involuntary and found in viscera.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, found in the heart's walls.
- Diagrams of different types of muscle tissues were shown
- Excitability: muscles' ability to change their membrane potential.
Nervous Tissue
- Consists of neurons and glia.
- Neurons- have dendrites, a cell body (soma), and an axon. Conduct electrical impulses
- Glia - support and nourish neurons, outnumber neurons 9 to 1 in number
- Diagram shown.
- Neurons are excitable, generate &transmit impulses
- Three main functions: sensory input, integration, motor output
Glands
- One or more cells that make and secrete a product
- Two types: exocrine and endocrine
- Exocrine glands: secrete into ducts that empty into the environment (outside the body)
- Endocrine glands: secrete hormones into the blood or lymph (no ducts)
Body Fluids
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF) inside body cells
- Interstitial fluid between body cells
- Extracellular fluid outside cells
- Plasma is a component of extracellular fluid
Body Cavities
- Coelom: cavity
- Posterior (dorsal) cavity: cranial (brain), vertebral (spinal cord)
- Anterior (ventral) cavity: thoracic, abdominopelvic (peritoneal)
Body Planes
- Sagittal: divides body into right and left
- Midsagittal: divides body into equal right and left halves
- Frontal/Coronal: divides body into front and back
- Transverse/Horizontal: divides body into upper and lower portions
Organ Systems
- Organ groups of tissues performing a common function
- Organ systems are combinations of organs
- Diagram examples are shown
- There are 11 organ systems in the human body.
Homeostasis
- Cells, tissues, and organs need ideal conditions to function properly (ideal temperature, pH)
- Homeostasis maintains internal environment balance despite environmental changes.
- Examples use negative feedback loops (temperature regulation, blood glucose regulation, blood calcium)
- Two types of feedback loops are shown
- The body has acceptable ranges that fluctuate
Examples of Negative Feedback
- Pancreas releases insulin when blood glucose rises after eating
- Liver takes up and stores glucose as glycogen
- Blood glucose level drops below homeostasis set point
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Description
Test your knowledge on muscle and epithelial tissues with this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics ranging from muscle types and characteristics to epithelial functions and structures. Perfect for biology students to reinforce key concepts.
