OAIN
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OAIN

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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of the Gracilis muscle?

  • Superior ramus of the pubis
  • Body and inferior ramus of the pubis (correct)
  • Inferior ramus of the pubis
  • Lateral supracondylar line of the femur

    • Which muscle primarily adducts and flexes the hip?

  • Pectineus (correct)
  • Popliteus
  • Gracilis
  • Adductor Minimus

    • What action does the Gastrocnemius perform?

  • Plantarflexes the foot and flexes the knee (correct)
  • Weakly assists in knee extension
  • Medially rotates the hip
  • Adducts the hip

    • Where does the Pectineus muscle insert?

    <p>Pectineal line of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Adductor Minimus muscle?

    <p>Obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the referral pain location for the Soleus muscle?

    <p>Calf, heel, and sole of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles inserts at the posterior surface of the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?

    <p>Soleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of the Plantaris muscle?

    <p>Weakly assists in plantarflexion and knee flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?

    <p>Medial epicondyle of the humerus and coronoid process of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the thumb?

    <p>Flexor Pollicis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Flexor Digitorum Profundus insert?

    <p>Distal phalanges of the medial four digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Flexor Pollicis Longus muscle?

    <p>Anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is performed by the Pronator Teres?

    <p>Pronates the forearm and assists in flexing the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle can refer pain to the palmar side of the wrist and fingers?

    <p>Flexor Digitorum Superficialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?

    <p>Median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which origin corresponds to the Palmaris Longus muscle?

    <p>Medial epicondyle of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Biceps Brachii long head?

    <p>Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT performed by the Pectoralis Major?

    <p>Supinates the forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Brachialis muscle insert?

    <p>Coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nerve supply for the Biceps Brachii?

    <p>Musculocutaneous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's trigger point referral pain extends to the lateral side of the elbow and down the forearm to the thumb?

    <p>Brachioradialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which origin is shared by both the Brachioradialis and Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus?

    <p>Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Brachialis muscle?

    <p>Flexes the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trigger point referral pain for the Pectoralis Major?

    <p>Anterior shoulder and down the inner arm to the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily extends the big toe and dorsiflexes the foot?

    <p>Extensor Hallucis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Flexor Hallucis Longus?

    <p>Flex the big toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Extensor Hallucis Longus muscle?

    <p>Deep fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Flexor Digitorum Longus insert?

    <p>Bases of the distal phalanges of the four lesser toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pain referral area is associated with the Flexor Digitorum Longus?

    <p>Bottom of the foot and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for the extension and abduction of the wrist?

    <p>Extensor Carpi Radialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trigger point referral pain location for the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?

    <p>Ulnar side of the forearm and wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Extensor Digitorum?

    <p>Posterior interosseous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible for extending the little finger?

    <p>Extensor Digiti Minimi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and extends the index finger?

    <p>Extensor Indicis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Flexor Carpi Radialis has its origin at which location?

    <p>Medial epicondyle of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions does the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris perform?

    <p>Flexes and adducts the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle inserts at the extensor expansions of the medial four digits?

    <p>Extensor Digitorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's main action is to extend and abduct the wrist?

    <p>Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the Brachialis muscle?

    <p>Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's primary action includes both flexing the elbow and supinating the forearm?

    <p>Biceps Brachii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main referral pain location for the Brachioradialis muscle?

    <p>Lateral side of the elbow and down the forearm to the thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Short head of the Biceps Brachii?

    <p>Coracoid process of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles extends the humerus from a flexed position?

    <p>Pectoralis Major (Sternocostal head)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's insertion is at the base of the second metacarpal?

    <p>Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trigger point referral pain extends to the anterior elbow and down to the base of the thumb?

    <p>Brachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily adducts and medially rotates the humerus?

    <p>Pectoralis Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Abduction of the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Obturator nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the insertion point for the gluteus minimus muscle?

    <p>Anterior surface of the greater trochanter of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is NOT performed by the adductor magnus?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the gluteus maximus muscle primarily refer pain?

    <p>Buttocks, sacrum, and lateral thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nerve supply for the gluteus medius?

    <p>Superior gluteal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily adducts and medially rotates the hip?

    <p>Adductor longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the origin of the adductor brevis?

    <p>Body of the pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain can be referred from the gluteus minimus?

    <p>Pain down the leg and lateral hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the adductor magnus is responsible for extending the hip?

    <p>Hamstring part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the posterior scalene muscle?

    <p>Elevates the second rib and flexes the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the masseter muscle?

    <p>Mandibular nerve (V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the referral pain location for the temporalis muscle?

    <p>Above the eye and ear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium above the acetabulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles primarily elevates the mandible?

    <p>Temporalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the quadriceps femoris group?

    <p>Extends the knee and flexes the hip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nerve supplies the upper portion of the scalene muscles?

    <p>Ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves C3-C8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the vastus lateralis muscle insert?

    <p>Patella and tibial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for closing the jaw?

    <p>Masseter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trigger point referral pain for the rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Front of the thigh and knee.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for flexing the distal phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexor Digitorum Profundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the medial part of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus?

    <p>Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's trigger point referral pain is noted to affect the forearm and wrist, potentially impacting the thumb and index finger?

    <p>Pronator Teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts on the middle phalanges at the proximal interphalangeal joints?

    <p>Flexor Digitorum Superficialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Palmaris Longus muscle?

    <p>Tenses the palmar aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates from both the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna?

    <p>Pronator Teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which insertion corresponds to the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis?

    <p>Middle phalanges of the medial four digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common referral pain area for both Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscles?

    <p>Palmar side of the wrist and fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the inferior ramus of the pubis?

    <p>Adductor Minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily performed by the Gracilis muscle?

    <p>Adducts the hip and flexes the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve primarily supplies the Pectineus muscle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible for weakly assisting in plantarflexion of the foot?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Gastrocnemius muscle insert?

    <p>Posterior surface of the calcaneus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure can refer pain to the back of the knee and calf?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main action is associated with the Soleus muscle?

    <p>Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar line of the femur?

    <p>Plantaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?

    <p>Adductor Minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trigger point referral pain is associated with the Gracilis muscle?

    <p>Upper medial thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Peroneus Longus muscle?

    <p>Superficial fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Tibialis Posterior muscle insert?

    <p>Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of the second to fourth metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common area does trigger point referral pain from the Extensor Digitorum Longus affect?

    <p>Top of the foot and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's main action is to unlock the knee?

    <p>Unlocking the knee is primarily the function of muscles like the popliteus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle elevates the scapula?

    <p>Levator Scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's primary action includes retracting the scapula?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the Rhomboid Minor?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly?

    <p>Pectoralis Minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the external occipital protuberance?

    <p>Trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the Latissimus Dorsi primarily perform?

    <p>Medially rotates the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a referral pain location for the Latissimus Dorsi?

    <p>Shoulder and upper back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Rhomboid Major?

    <p>Retracts the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common nerve supply for the Rhomboid Major and Minor?

    <p>Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle rotates the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Rhomboid Minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle elevates the first rib and flexes the neck?

    <p>Anterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's trigger point referral pain can extend down the arm to the thumb?

    <p>Posterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Temporalis muscle?

    <p>Elevates and retracts the mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the masseter muscle?

    <p>Mandibular nerve (V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the rectus femoris muscle insert?

    <p>Tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action does the posterior scalene NOT perform?

    <p>Extends the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the quadriceps femoris group?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain referral from which muscle can extend to the temples and side of the head?

    <p>Temporalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily extends the knee?

    <p>Vastus Lateralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is associated with pain referral to the upper chest and shoulder?

    <p>Anterior Scalene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Tibialis Posterior muscle?

    <p>Plantarflexes and inverts the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Peroneus Longus muscle?

    <p>Superficial fibular nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the referral pain location for the Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle?

    <p>Top of the foot and toes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates at the head and upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula?

    <p>Peroneus Longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for unlocking the knee joint?

    <p>Popliteus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily extends the little finger?

    <p>Extensor Digiti Minimi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nerve supply for the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris muscle?

    <p>Posterior interosseous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's action includes both flexing and abducting the wrist?

    <p>Flexor Carpi Radialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which location does the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris originate?

    <p>Medial epicondyle of the humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the referred pain location for the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?

    <p>Ulnar side of forearm and wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for extending the index finger?

    <p>Extensor Indicis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle extends and adducts the wrist?

    <p>Extensor Carpi Ulnaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the Extensor Digitorum?

    <p>Posterior interosseous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's main action includes both adduction and medial rotation of the humerus?

    <p>Teres Major</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily performed by the posterior deltoid?

    <p>Extends and laterally rotates the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates from the acromion of the scapula?

    <p>Medial Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nerve supply for the Teres Minor?

    <p>Axillary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for abducting the arm during the first 15 degrees?

    <p>Supraspinatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain from the Teres Minor can be referred to which area?

    <p>Posterior shoulder and down the lateral arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deltoid muscle primarily contributes to flexing and medially rotating the arm?

    <p>Anterior Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity?

    <p>Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of the Infraspinatus muscle?

    <p>Laterally rotates the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's trigger point referral pain extends to the anterior shoulder and down the lateral arm?

    <p>Anterior Deltoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary nerve supply for the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Inferior gluteal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is performed by the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Abducts and medially rotates the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common referral pain area for the gluteus minimus?

    <p>Lateral hip and sometimes down the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adductor part of the adductor magnus muscle is primarily responsible for which action?

    <p>Adducts the hip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles does NOT share a common nerve supply?

    <p>Gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which anatomical location does the adductor longus muscle originate?

    <p>Body of the pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily extends and laterally rotates the hip?

    <p>Gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adductor brevis muscle has its insertion where?

    <p>Proximal part of the linea aspera of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trigger point referral pain location for the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Medial thigh and groin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines?

    <p>Gluteus Minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily performed by the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Elevation of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

    <p>Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for stabilizing the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall?

    <p>Pectoralis Minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the rhomboid major muscle?

    <p>Spinous processes of T2-T5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions does NOT involve the rotator function of the scapula?

    <p>Protraction of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pain referral area is primarily associated with the levator scapulae muscle?

    <p>Neck and upper back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for the medial rotation of the humerus?

    <p>Latissimus Dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the rhomboid muscles is true?

    <p>They originate from the spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary anatomical distinction between rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?

    <p>Their origin from different vertebral levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the middle fibers of the trapezius perform?

    <p>Retraction of the scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pectoralis Major

    • Origin: Medial half of the clavicle (clavicular head) and sternum and upper six costal cartilages (sternocostal head).
    • Insertion: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus.
    • Main Action: Adducts and medially rotates the humerus; clavicular head flexes, and sternocostal head extends the humerus from flexed position.
    • Nerve Supply: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Anterior shoulder, inner arm to elbow, and sometimes to chest.

    Biceps Brachii

    • Origin: Short head from coracoid process, long head from supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
    • Insertion: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis.
    • Main Action: Flexes elbow, supinates forearm, and flexes shoulder (long head).
    • Nerve Supply: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Anterior shoulder and front of arm, sometimes extending to forearm.

    Forearm Group

    Brachialis

    • Origin: Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna.
    • Main Action: Flexes the elbow.
    • Nerve Supply: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) and radial nerve (C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Anterior elbow and base of the thumb.

    Brachioradialis

    • Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Styloid process of the radius.
    • Main Action: Flexes the elbow, especially in mid-pronation.
    • Nerve Supply: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Lateral side of elbow and forearm to the thumb.

    Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

    • Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal.
    • Main Action: Extends and abducts the wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Radial nerve (C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Lateral elbow and forearm.

    Lower Leg Group

    Gastrocnemius

    • Origin: Medial head from medial condyle of femur, lateral head from lateral condyle of femur.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
    • Main Action: Plantarflexes foot at ankle and flexes knee.
    • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Calf and back of the knee.

    Soleus

    • Origin: Posterior surface of head of fibula and soleal line of tibia.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
    • Main Action: Plantarflexes the foot at the ankle.
    • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Calf, heel, and sometimes sole of the foot.

    Additional Muscles

    Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

    • Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna (humeroulnar head), anterior surface of radius (radial head).
    • Insertion: Middle phalanges of the medial four digits.
    • Main Action: Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C7, C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Palmar side of wrist and fingers.

    Flexor Pollicis Longus

    • Origin: Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane.
    • Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of the thumb.
    • Main Action: Flexes the thumb.
    • Nerve Supply: Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve (C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Thumb and thenar eminence.

    Pronator Teres

    • Origin: Humeral head from medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar head from coronoid process of ulna.
    • Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius.
    • Main Action: Pronates forearm and assists in flexion of the elbow.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Forearm and wrist, sometimes thumb and index finger.

    Trigger Point Referral Pain

    • Pain is often referred to the anterior shoulder, chest, and inner arm, indicating muscle tension or trigger points.

    Pectoralis Major

    • Origin: Clavicular head originates from the medial half of the clavicle; sternocostal head from the sternum and upper six costal cartilages.
    • Insertion: Lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus.
    • Main Action: Adducts and medially rotates the humerus; the clavicular head flexes and the sternocostal head extends the humerus.
    • Nerve Supply: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Felt in the anterior shoulder, inner arm to the elbow, and sometimes the chest.

    Biceps Brachii

    • Origin: Short head from the coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
    • Insertion: Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis.
    • Main Action: Flexes the elbow, supinates the forearm, and flexes the shoulder (long head).
    • Nerve Supply: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Felt in the anterior shoulder and down the front of the arm.

    Forearm Group Muscles

    Brachialis

    • Origin: Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of the ulna.
    • Main Action: Flexes the elbow.
    • Nerve Supply: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6) and radial nerve (C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the anterior elbow and base of the thumb.

    Brachioradialis

    • Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Styloid process of the radius.
    • Main Action: Flexes the elbow in a mid-pronated position.
    • Nerve Supply: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Refers pain to the lateral elbow and down the forearm to the thumb.

    Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

    • Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Base of the second metacarpal.
    • Main Action: Extends and abducts the wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Radial nerve (C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Refers pain to the lateral elbow and forearm.

    Extensor Digitorum

    • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Extensor expansions of the medial four digits.
    • Main Action: Extends fingers and wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the back of the hand and forearm.

    Extensor Digiti Minimi

    • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Extensor expansion of the fifth digit.
    • Main Action: Extends the little finger.
    • Nerve Supply: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Refers pain to the back of the hand and forearm.

    Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

    • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior border of the ulna.
    • Insertion: Base of the fifth metacarpal.
    • Main Action: Extends and adducts the wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Refers to ulnar side of the forearm and wrist.

    Forearm Flexors

    Flexor Carpi Radialis

    • Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Base of the second and third metacarpals.
    • Main Action: Flexes and abducts the wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the palmar side of the wrist and forearm.

    Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

    • Origin: Humeral head from medial epicondyle, ulnar head from olecranon and posterior border of the ulna.
    • Insertion: Pisiform, hook of the hamate, base of the fifth metacarpal.
    • Main Action: Flexes and adducts the wrist.
    • Nerve Supply: Ulnar nerve (C7, C8).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the upper chest, shoulder, and down the arm to the thumb.

    Masseter

    • Origin: Superficial part from zygomatic process of the maxilla; deep part from posterior third of the zygomatic arch.
    • Insertion: Angle and ramus of the mandible.
    • Main Action: Elevates the mandible (closes the jaw).
    • Nerve Supply: Mandibular nerve (V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain refers to the jaw, teeth, above the eye, and ear.

    Temporalis

    • Origin: Temporal fossa and fascia.
    • Insertion: Coronoid process and anterior border of the ramus of the mandible.
    • Main Action: Elevates and retracts the mandible (closes the jaw).
    • Nerve Supply: Mandibular nerve (V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the temples, teeth, eyebrow area, and side of the head.

    Quadriceps Femoris Group

    Rectus Femoris

    • Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and ilium above the acetabulum.
    • Insertion: Patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
    • Main Action: Extends the knee and flexes the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the front of the thigh and knee.

    Vastus Lateralis

    • Origin: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera.
    • Insertion: Iliotibial tract (IT band) and gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
    • Main Action: Extends and laterally rotates the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can refer to the buttocks, sacrum, and lateral thigh.

    Gluteus Medius

    • Origin: External surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines.
    • Insertion: Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
    • Main Action: Abducts and medially rotates the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may refer to the lateral hip and lower back.

    Adductor Muscles

    Adductor Longus

    • Origin: Body of the pubis.
    • Insertion: Middle third of the linea aspera of the femur.
    • Main Action: Adducts and medially rotates the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer pain to the medial thigh and groin.

    Adductor Brevis

    • Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis.
    • Insertion: Pectineal line and proximal part of the linea aspera of the femur.
    • Main Action: Adducts and medially rotates the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Can refer to the medial thigh and groin.

    Adductor Magnus

    • Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis, ischial ramus, and ischial tuberosity.
    • Insertion: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of the femur.
    • Main Action: Adductor part adducts and medially rotates the hip; hamstring part extends the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) and tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4).

    Flexor and Extensor Muscles of the Lower Leg

    Extensor Hallucis Longus

    • Origin: Middle part of the anterior surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane.
    • Insertion: Base of the distal phalan

    Muscular Anatomy and Referral Pain

    Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

    • Origin: Humeroulnar head from medial epicondyle of the humerus, radial head from anterior surface of the radius.
    • Insertion: Middle phalanges of the medial four digits.
    • Main Action: Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C7, C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be felt on the palmar side of the wrist and fingers.

    Flexor Digitorum Profundus

    • Origin: Anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane.
    • Insertion: Distal phalanges of the medial four digits.
    • Main Action: Flexes distal phalanges at distal interphalangeal joints.
    • Nerve Supply: Medial part - ulnar nerve (C8, T1); Lateral part - anterior interosseous branch of median nerve (C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be experienced on the palmar side of the wrist and fingers.

    Flexor Pollicis Longus

    • Origin: Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane.
    • Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
    • Main Action: Flexes the thumb.
    • Nerve Supply: Anterior interosseous branch of the median nerve (C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may radiate to the thumb and thenar eminence.

    Palmaris Longus

    • Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
    • Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum.
    • Main Action: Flexes the wrist and tenses the palmar aponeurosis.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C7, C8).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the palmar side of the wrist and forearm.

    Pronator Teres

    • Origin: Humeral head from medial epicondyle of the humerus; ulnar head from coronoid process of the ulna.
    • Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius.
    • Main Action: Pronates the forearm and assists in elbow flexion.
    • Nerve Supply: Median nerve (C6, C7).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the forearm and wrist, sometimes including the thumb and index finger.

    Back Muscles Overview

    Trapezius

    • Origin: External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12.
    • Insertion: Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula.
    • Main Action: Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula.
    • Nerve Supply: Accessory nerve (CN XI), cervical spinal nerves (C3 and C4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be felt in the neck, shoulders, temple, and jaw.

    Latissimus Dorsi

    • Origin: Spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior three or four ribs.
    • Insertion: Floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
    • Main Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus, raises body during climbing.
    • Nerve Supply: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8).

    Rhomboid Major

    • Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5.
    • Insertion: Medial border of the scapula from spine to inferior angle.
    • Main Action: Retracts and rotates the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity.
    • Nerve Supply: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may be referred to the medial border of the scapula and upper back.

    Rhomboid Minor

    • Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T1.
    • Insertion: Medial border of the scapula at spine level.
    • Main Action: Similar to rhomboid major.
    • Nerve Supply: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the medial border of the scapula and upper back.

    Levator Scapulae

    • Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4.
    • Insertion: Medial border of scapula between superior angle and spine.
    • Main Action: Elevates the scapula and rotates to depress the glenoid cavity.
    • Nerve Supply: Dorsal scapular nerve (C5), cervical nerves (C3, C4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may radiate to the medial border of the scapula, neck, and shoulder.

    Pectoralis Minor

    • Origin: Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5.
    • Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula.
    • Main Action: Stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly.
    • Nerve Supply: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be experienced in the upper chest, shoulder, and down the arm to the thumb.

    Muscles of Upper and Lower Leg

    Quadriceps Femoris Group

    • Rectus Femoris:

      • Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS), ilium above acetabulum.
      • Insertion: Patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
      • Main Action: Extends knee and flexes hip.
      • Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4).
      • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be felt in the front of the thigh and knee.

    • Vastus Lateralis:

      • Origin: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera.
      • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may be referred to the medial thigh and groin.

    Adductor Minimus

    • Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis.
    • Insertion: Proximal part of the linea aspera of the femur.
    • Main Action: Adducts and medially rotates the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the medial thigh and groin.

    Pectineus

    • Origin: Superior ramus of the pubis.
    • Insertion: Pectineal line of the femur.
    • Main Action: Adducts and flexes the hip.
    • Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3) and occasionally obturator nerve (L2, L3).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may radiate to the groin and upper medial thigh.

    Gracilis

    • Origin: Body and inferior ramus of the pubis.
    • Insertion: Medial surface of the tibia (pes anserinus).
    • Main Action: Adducts the hip and flexes the knee.

    Lower Leg Muscles

    Gastrocnemius

    • Origin: Medial head from medial condyle of the femur; lateral head from lateral condyle of the femur.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of the calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
    • Main Action: Plantarflexes foot at ankle and flexes the knee.
    • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can be referred to the calf and back of the knee.

    Soleus

    • Origin: Posterior surface of the head of the fibula, soleal line of the tibia.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of the calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
    • Main Action: Primarily plantarflexes the foot.
    • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain can radiate to the calf, heel, and sometimes the sole of the foot.

    Plantaris

    • Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of the femur.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of the calcaneus via Achilles tendon.
    • Main Action: Weakly assists in plantarflexion of the foot and flexion of the knee.
    • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (S1, S2).
    • Trigger Point Referral Pain: Pain may refer to the back of the knee and calf.

    Popliteus

    • Origin: Lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus.
    • Insertion: Posterior surface of the tibia above the soleal line.
    • Main Action: Medially rotates tibia to unlock the knee and flexes

    Forearm Extensors

    • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus: Extends and abducts the wrist; supplied by the radial nerve (C6, C7). Pain may refer to the lateral elbow and forearm.
    • Extensor Digitorum: Extends the fingers and wrist; innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8). Referral pain occurs in the back of the hand and forearm.
    • Extensor Digiti Minimi: Specifically extends the little finger; also supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8). Referral pain is similar to that of the extensor digitorum.
    • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris: Extends and adducts the wrist; innervated by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8). Pain may refer to the ulnar side of the forearm and wrist.
    • Extensor Indicis: Extends the index finger; supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8). Referral pain can be noted in the back of the hand and forearm.

    Forearm Flexors

    • Flexor Carpi Radialis: Flexes and abducts the wrist; innervated by the median nerve (C6, C7). Referral pain can occur on the palmar side of the wrist and forearm.
    • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexes and adducts the wrist; innervated by the ulnar nerve (C7, C8). Pain may refer to the ulnar side of the wrist and forearm.

    Shoulder Muscles

    • Anterior Deltoid: Flexes and medially rotates the arm; innervated by the axillary nerve (C5, C6). Referral pain may be felt in the lateral shoulder and upper arm.
    • Medial Deltoid: Abducts the arm; also supplied by the axillary nerve (C5, C6). Referral pain is similar to the anterior deltoid.
    • Posterior Deltoid: Extends and laterally rotates the arm; innervated by the axillary nerve (C5, C6). Pain may be referred to the lateral shoulder and upper arm.
    • Teres Major: Adducts and medially rotates the humerus; innervated by the lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6). Referral pain can be felt in the lateral shoulder.
    • Teres Minor: Laterally rotates and assists in adduction of the arm; innervated by the axillary nerve (C5, C6). Pain may refer to the posterior shoulder and down the lateral arm.
    • Subscapularis: Medially rotates the arm and stabilizes the shoulder; innervated by upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6, C7). Pain can be referred to the posterior shoulder and down the back of the arm.
    • Supraspinatus: Abducts the arm in the first 15 degrees; innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5, C6). Referral pain can occur in the lateral shoulder.
    • Infraspinatus: Laterally rotates the arm; also supplied by the suprascapular nerve (C5, C6). Pain may refer to the anterior shoulder and down the lateral arm.

    Back Muscles

    • Trapezius: Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula; innervated by accessory nerve (CN XI) and cervical spinal nerves (C3, C4). Pain may refer to the neck, shoulders, and even the temple.
    • Latissimus Dorsi: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus; supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8). Referral pain often occurs in the lower back.
    • Rhomboid Major and Minor: Retract and rotate the scapula; both innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5). Pain may refer to the medial border of the scapula and upper back.
    • Levator Scapulae: Elevates the scapula; innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5) and cervical nerves (C3, C4). Pain may refer to the neck and medial border of the scapula.

    Hip Muscles

    • Gluteus Maximus: Extends and laterally rotates the hip; innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2). Pain can refer to the buttocks and lateral thigh.
    • Gluteus Medius: Abducts and medially rotates the hip; supplied by the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1). Pain may refer to the lateral hip.
    • Gluteus Minimus: Similar actions as gluteus medius; innervated by the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5, S1). Referral pain can occur in the lateral hip and leg.

    Adductor Muscles

    • Adductor Longus: Adducts and medially rotates the hip; supplied by the obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4). Pain may refer to the medial thigh and groin.
    • Adductor Brevis: Functions similarly to adductor longus; innervated by the obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4). Referral pain occurs in the medial thigh and groin.
    • Adductor Magnus: Has both adductor and hamstring parts; the adductor part is innervated by the obturator nerve, while the hamstring part is supplied by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve. Pain can refer to the medial thigh.

    Lower Leg Muscles

    • Peroneus Longus and Brevis: Both everts and plantarflex the foot; innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2). Pain may refer to the lateral leg and foot or lateral foot and ankle respectively.
    • Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot; supplied by the deep fibular nerve (L4, L5). Pain may refer to the front of the ankle and big toe.
    • Tibialis Posterior: Plantarflexes and inverts the foot; innervated by the tibial nerve (L4, L5). Pain may refer to the arch of the foot and back of the ankle.
    • Extensor Digitorum Longus: Extends toes and dorsiflexes the foot; innervated by the deep fibular nerve (L5, S1). Pain can be referred to the top of the foot and toes.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the Pectoralis Major muscle, including its origin, insertion, and main actions. Test your knowledge on trigger point referral pain and how it affects regions like the shoulder, chest, and arm.

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