Multistage Sampling Overview
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Questions and Answers

Match the following terms with their definitions related to sampling:

Sampling frame = A listing of the units from which the sample selection is made First-stage unit = The primary unit selected in multi-stage sampling Stratification = Division of a population into homogeneous subgroups Variance = A measure of the dispersion of a set of values

Match the following sampling types with their characteristics:

Stratified sampling = Combines advantages of both stratification and multi-stage sampling Multi-stage sampling = Selecting units in stages, often using clusters Probability proportional to size = Sampling technique that adjusts selection based on population size Simple random sampling = Every unit has an equal chance of being selected

Match the following concepts with their outcomes in sampling efficiency:

Homogeneity within strata = Increased efficiency and reduced variance Heterogeneity between strata = Allows for better representation of variances Auxiliary information = Facilitates specialized sampling techniques Small sample size from strata = Can lead to effective representation of population

Match the following statistical terms with their applications:

<p>Mean = The average of a set of values Cluster sampling = Used for efficiency in large populations Estimation techniques = Methods to infer population parameters from sample statistics Demographic information = Auxiliary data used in specialized sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling steps with their roles:

<p>Identifying the population = Establishes the scope of study Creating the sampling frame = Ensures accurate representation of the population Selecting sampling units = Obtains the actual subjects for study Applying estimation techniques = Derives parameters from sample data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical measures with their descriptions:

<p>Population mean = Average value across a complete population Variance in sampling = Indicates the spread of sample data Stratum = A subset of the population for stratified sampling Cluster = A group of subunits identified for sampling purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their significance in research:

<p>Multi-stage sampling = Enhances cost efficiency in large studies Stratification = Improves sample quality through organized groupings Preparation of sampling frames = Critical for valid sampling methods Application of probability sampling = Ensures impartial selection of units</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the survey components with their descriptions:

<p>Objectives = Clearly specified goals for the survey Sampling Plan = Design outlining selection and estimation procedures Timeliness = How soon results are needed after data collection Selection Process = Choice of design after assessing survey objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling designs with their advantages:

<p>Stratified multi-stage sampling = Combines costs and efficiency benefits Cluster sampling = Simplifies the logistics of data collection Simple random sampling = Reduces bias in selection Systematic sampling = Easier implementation with fixed intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the elements of survey design with their importance:

<p>Level of Accuracy = Specification of tolerable errors Population Definition = Identification of who will be studied Desired Information = Clear statistical terms for data collection Breakdowns = Categories for tabulating results</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of data to their descriptions:

<p>Reliability = Consistency of results over time Validity = Accuracy in measuring what it intends to measure Cost-effectiveness = Meeting specifications at the lowest expense Geographic Coverage = Scope of the area included in the survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of estimates with their significance:

<p>Descriptive Statistics = Summarizing data features Inferential Statistics = Making predictions based on a sample Point Estimates = Single value estimate of a population parameter Interval Estimates = Range of values within which a parameter lies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the considerations for survey design with their actions:

<p>Assessment of Objectives = Evaluate initial goals Identification of Variables = Determine what will be measured Cost Restrictions = Budget limitations on data collection User Requirements = Understand data application needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of surveys with their examples:

<p>Cross-Sectional Survey = Snapshot of a population at a point in time Longitudinal Survey = Data collected over multiple time periods Descriptive Survey = General information about a population Experimental Survey = Testing hypotheses in controlled conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages of survey development with their focus:

<p>Preliminary Investigation = Establishing groundwork for the survey Design Phase = Planning methodology and logistics Data Collection = Gathering information from participants Data Analysis = Interpreting collected information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of survey planning with their relevance:

<p>Stakeholder Input = Gaining insights from experts involved Variable Selection = Determining what data to collect Survey Coverage = Defining the geographic and demographic scope Cost Considerations = Balancing budget with survey objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the disadvantages with their respective response types:

<p>Closed response = Respondent cannot guess answers Open-ended response = Much irrelevant information collected</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the advantages with their respective response types:

<p>Open-ended response = Encourages creativity and self-expression Closed response = Simplifies response categorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics with their respective response types:

<p>Closed response = More prone to enumerator error Open-ended response = Permits exploration of unanticipated findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the issues with their respective response types:

<p>Closed response = Less detectable misunderstandings Open-ended response = Coding responses presents challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples of questions with response types:

<p>Closed response = How often do you exercise? Open-ended response = Describe your ideal vacation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions:

<p>Open-ended questions = Unstructured and allow free-form answers Closed questions = Limit responses to specific categories Qualitative data = Rich detail and context from responses Quantitative data = Standardized responses for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential outcomes with the response types:

<p>Closed response = Risk of inaccurate categorization due to enumerator error Open-ended response = Opportunity for unexpected insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of question with its definition:

<p>Open-ended question = Responses are unrestricted and provide freedom of expression Closed-ended question = Respondent chooses from a predetermined list of responses Dichotomous question = Respondent selects from two possible responses Multiple-choice question = Respondent can choose one or more options from the list</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of multiple-choice question with its characteristic:

<p>Single coded question = Only one response can be selected Multi-coded question = Allows the selection of multiple applicable responses Dichotomous question = Options limited to yes or no Closed-response category = Responses are limited to predefined selections</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the advantages with the key terms:

<p>Open-ended response = Facilitates self-expression Closed response = Reduces the cognitive load on respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the closed-ended question example with its description:

<p>Do you have a bank account? = A question with binary options: yes or no How many children have you ever borne? = A ranged response categorized by numbers Which type of soft drink(s) does your household consume? = Allows selection from multiple specified brands What is your age group? = Categorical options presented for age ranges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the advantage of closed-response categories with its benefit:

<p>Easier and quicker for respondents = Respondents can complete surveys faster Standardized answers for comparison = Facilitates comparative analysis among responses Easier coding and statistical analysis = Streamlines data processing and interpretation Greater clarity of question meaning = Enhances understanding through defined response options</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of question to its example:

<p>Dichotomous question = Do you prefer coffee or tea? Single coded question = Choose your favorite season: Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter Multi-coded question = Select all languages you speak: English, Spanish, French, Others Open-ended question = What are your thoughts on climate change?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its corresponding definition:

<p>Closed-ended question = A question limiting answers to specific options Predetermined list = A set of possible responses defined before the survey Mark alongside a category = A method of indicating responses in surveys Sensitive topics = Subjects that may elicit discomfort in respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of survey question with its context:

<p>Dichotomous question = Used in surveys to gauge binary opinions Single coded question = Commonly used in demographic surveys Multi-coded question = Ideal for understanding preferences among several options Closed-ended question = Often used in market research for quantitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristic of closed response categories with its benefit:

<p>Easier for coding = Facilitates statistical analysis of results Standardization = Allows uniform comparison of data Comprehensive answers = Ensures all relevant categories are addressed Sensitivity handling = Encourages truthful responses to delicate subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sampling unit stages with their respective terminologies:

<p>Districts = Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) EA (kebeles) = Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs) Housing units = Ultimate Sampling Units (USUs) Woredas = Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of sampling frames with their descriptions:

<p>Area frames = Units labelled as county, district, or village List frames = Frame made up of a list of target population units Master sample frames = A stable framework for selecting sub-samples over time Clustered frames = Used when a good population frame for USUs is unavailable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the desirable properties of sampling frames with their categories:

<p>Minimizing coverage error = Quality Related Properties Recognized boundaries on maps = Quality Related Properties Cost-effectiveness = Cost Related Properties Unique numerical identifiers = Quality Related Properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to sampling frames with their correct definitions:

<p>PSUs = First stage of sampling used to cover the entire population SSUs = Intermediate units in a multistage design USUs = Final units that are sampled in a survey Area sampling frame = Frame with units defined by geographical areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of error with its related property in sampling frames:

<p>Non-sampling errors = Coverage errors due to deficiencies in the frame Efficiency properties = Related to the cost of sample selection Quality properties = Minimizing errors and ensuring well-defined units Cost properties = Impact of frame construction on overall survey costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the primary identifier functions with their descriptions:

<p>Unique numerical identifiers = Primary means of identification for frame units Secondary identifiers = Additional identifiers like names and addresses Well-defined units = Ensures that boundaries are clearly delineated Adequate identification = Refers to necessary identification for effective sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stages in a three-stage sampling design with their examples:

<p>PSUs = Districts or Woredas SSUs = EA or Kebeles USUs = Individual households or housing units Final stage sampling = Defined sampling units for survey implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sampling frame types with their features:

<p>Clustered frames = Used when there's not a good population frame List frames = Contains a straightforward list of population units Master sample frames = Designed for long-term survey stability Area frames = Divided into geographical units like counties and villages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following questionnaire layouts with their descriptions:

<p>Verbatim listing = Complete wording and progression instructions Specific order listing = Questions in a specific order without full wording Tabular format = Coded responses in a row and column Checklist of topics = Key facts without structured answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of problematic question writing with their descriptions:

<p>Leading questions = Encourage a biased response Multiple questions = Combine distinct questions into one Ambiguous questions = Open to interpretation and confusion Sensitive topics = Topics that may embarrass respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following principles of question phrasing with their objectives:

<p>Clear meaning = Ensure uniform interpretation among respondents Simple language = Facilitate understanding in respondents' terms Neutral presentation = Avoid bias in respondent answers Avoiding ambiguity = Prevent confusion and misinterpretation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of sensitive questions with their implications:

<p>Apt to irritate = Might provoke negative reactions Normative answers = Responses that conform to societal rules Cultural taboo = Questions avoided in certain cultures Personal discomfort = May cause feelings of embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of effective questionnaire design with their purposes:

<p>Logical order = Facilitate natural progression for respondents Clear instructions = Guide respondents effectively through the form Specific wording = Reduce misunderstanding of questions Consistent phrasing = Ensure comparable answers across respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of questions with their potential issues:

<p>Sensitive questions = Risk normative responses Leading questions = Bias respondent choices Multiple-barreled questions = Create confusion in responses Ambiguous questions = Cause varied interpretations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of question design with their definitions:

<p>Choice of reference period = Determining the timeframe for responses Sequence of questions = Order in which questions are presented Response format = Structure of how respondents answer Topic sensitivity = Degree of personal nature in questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following guidelines for questionnaire design with their appropriate focus:

<p>Question clarity = Ensuring questions can be interpreted uniformly Respondent comfort = Minimizing irritability in sensitive topics Logical sequencing = Facilitating smoother response flow Language simplicity = Ensuring comprehension among diverse respondents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Multistage Sampling

  • Multistage sampling involves selecting a sample in stages.
  • Sampling units in each stage are sub-samples of larger units selected in previous stages.
  • Appropriate selection methods are used at each stage, including simple random sampling (with or without replacement), systematic sampling, and probability proportional to size.

Reasons for Multi-stage Sampling

  • Sampling frames may not be available for all ultimate observational units.
  • Preparation of a complete frame can be laborious and costly.
  • Multi-stage sampling is often more convenient and less expensive than single-stage sampling of ultimate units.
  • Multi-stage sampling can reduce response errors and improve sampling efficiency in natural sampling units like households or villages by reducing intra-class correlation, like in a crop survey.

Two-Stage Sampling Diagram

  • A population of M units, divided into N clusters
  • A sample of n clusters is drawn randomly.
  • A sample of m units is drawn from each of the n selected clusters

Mean and Variance of Two-Stage Sampling

  • Population consists of N clusters with M subunits.
  • The population mean is (Y): Y= (1/NM) ΣᵢΣⱼYᵢⱼ
  • (Yᵢⱼ) is the value of the characteristic under study for the ⱼth second-stage unit of the ᵢth first-stage unit

Calculating Average

  • First, average the estimator over all the second-stage selections from the set of n units selected in the first stage.
  • Second, average over all the possible selections of "n" units by the sampling plan.

Variance of Two-Stage Sampling

  • Variance (0) = 𝔼[𝔼₂(θ)]² + 𝔼[𝕍₂(θ)]
  • The formula considers the first and second stage sampling.

Stratified Multi-stage Sampling

  • Stratified multi-stage designs often combine the advantages of stratification and multi-stage sampling .
  • Ideally, strata should be internally homogeneous and heterogeneous with respect to one another.
  • First-stage units should be internally heterogeneous and homogeneous with respect to one another to improve efficiency.

Preparation of Sampling Frames

  • A sampling frame is a listing of units from which a sample is selected.
  • The frame should accurately represent the population.
  • The frame incorporates materials, procedures, and devices for identifying, distinguishing, and accessing population elements.
  • Rules and mechanisms link frame units to the population elements.
  • Frames often include auxiliary information (e.g., measure of size, demographic information) for techniques like stratification, probability proportional to size selection, or special estimation techniques like ratio or regression estimation.
  • Multistage designs need frames for each selection stage.
  • In multistage sampling, there are primary, secondary and ultimate sampling units(PSUs, SSUs,USUs)

Desirable Properties of Frames

  • Quality Related : Minimize non-sampling errors (e.g., coverage errors).
  • Efficiency Related: Balance sampling error and cost, to find the most efficient survey design.
  • Cost Related: Budget frame development, maintenance, and updating to minimize costs.

Sample Size Estimation

  • Sample size depends on the level of precision required, the acceptable margin of error, and the confidence level desired, and the choice of sample design.
  • A minimum sample size is needed to get a representative sample and accurate estimates.
  • Different variables in the study may require different precision requirements.

Methods of Data Collection

  • Primary data: Collected directly by or under researcher’s supervision (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, observations).
  • Secondary data: Obtained from other sources (e.g., published literature, reports, documents).

Ethical Considerations

  • Principles of honesty, objectivity, integrity, and non-discrimination guide research.
  • There are specific codes and policies regarding research.
  • Informed consent should respect the participant’s choices.
  • Ethical review boards evaluate research proposals to ensure ethical practices.

Questionnaires

  • Questionnaires are used in structured and unstructured ways.
  • Open-ended questions gather detailed responses, while closed-ended (multiple-choice, dichotomous) questions offer pre-set choices.
  • Question layout is vital to guide respondents and data processing.
  • Questions should be clear, using simple language and avoiding ambiguity or sensitive topics for better responses and avoiding bias.
  • Consideration is given to the time, effort, and space for responses.

Sample Design

  • The general aim is always a representative sample.
  • Minimal prior knowledge of the target population is necessary along with reasonable assumptions to select a suitable sample.
  • The choice of sample design is critical.
  • Sample design considers objectives of the survey.

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Multistage Sampling Techniques PDF

Description

This quiz covers the principles of multistage sampling, including its stages and methods. It discusses the reasons why this sampling technique is often preferred, as well as its benefits over single-stage sampling. Engage with the content to enhance your understanding of sampling strategies in research.

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