Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the name of Sarah Kate's illness?
What was the name of Sarah Kate's illness?
Multiple sclerosis
What did Sarah's doctor prescribe to alleviate her paralysis?
What did Sarah's doctor prescribe to alleviate her paralysis?
Steroids
What type of test was performed to scan Sarah's brain?
What type of test was performed to scan Sarah's brain?
MRI
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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Myelin acts as an insulator surrounding axons to increase the speed of signal transmission.
Myelin acts as an insulator surrounding axons to increase the speed of signal transmission.
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Which of these is NOT a type of neuroglial cell?
Which of these is NOT a type of neuroglial cell?
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Which neuroglial cell is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Which neuroglial cell is responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the PNS?
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What is the name of the junction between two communicating neurons?
What is the name of the junction between two communicating neurons?
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What type of neurotransmitter increases membrane permeability, making it easier for a neuron to reach its action potential threshold?
What type of neurotransmitter increases membrane permeability, making it easier for a neuron to reach its action potential threshold?
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The speed of a nerve impulse is determined by the size of the axon.
The speed of a nerve impulse is determined by the size of the axon.
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What drug is known to block the recycling process of dopamine, leading to a build-up of this neurotransmitter in the synapse?
What drug is known to block the recycling process of dopamine, leading to a build-up of this neurotransmitter in the synapse?
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What neurotransmitter is vital in regulating many of our functions and is known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter?
What neurotransmitter is vital in regulating many of our functions and is known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter?
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What is the most common cause of death related to the use of ecstasy (MDMA)?
What is the most common cause of death related to the use of ecstasy (MDMA)?
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What type of disorder is myasthenia gravis?
What type of disorder is myasthenia gravis?
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What type of illness is poliomyelitis caused by?
What type of illness is poliomyelitis caused by?
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of medicine often used to treat depression.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of medicine often used to treat depression.
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What does the term "sclerosis" refer to in the context of multiple sclerosis?
What does the term "sclerosis" refer to in the context of multiple sclerosis?
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Agonists are molecules that bind to receptors and block the effect of neurotransmitters.
Agonists are molecules that bind to receptors and block the effect of neurotransmitters.
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What is the neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain?
What is the neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain?
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A seizure might result from excessive glutamate activity in the brain.
A seizure might result from excessive glutamate activity in the brain.
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Low levels of GABA can contribute to seizures.
Low levels of GABA can contribute to seizures.
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What type of neuron connections within the brain are affected by Alzheimer's disease?
What type of neuron connections within the brain are affected by Alzheimer's disease?
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The [BLANK] carry information towards the cell body.
The [BLANK] carry information towards the cell body.
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The [BLANK] carry information away from the cell body.
The [BLANK] carry information away from the cell body.
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Match the following neuroglial cells with their main functions:
Match the following neuroglial cells with their main functions:
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What type of current do nerve impulses transmit?
What type of current do nerve impulses transmit?
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What is the type of medicine that is used to help alleviate muscle spasms, cramps, or stiffness?
What is the type of medicine that is used to help alleviate muscle spasms, cramps, or stiffness?
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Study Notes
Patient Case Study - Sarah Kate
- Sarah Kate, a 22-year-old, experienced a hiking incident leading to overheating and fatigue.
- Subsequent symptoms included difficulty focusing her eyes and facial paralysis.
- She was diagnosed with Bell's Palsy at the hospital and received medication.
- Later, she experienced a strange sensation of vibration down her spine.
- Further investigations revealed lesions in her brain, leading to diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
- A high dose of steroids was administered, alleviating some paralysis.
- Lesions were situated near the spinal cord, which explained the sudden onset of symptoms.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- MS is an autoimmune demyelinating disease affecting the brain and spinal cord.
- Immune cells attack the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, disrupting signal transmission.
- Symptoms of MS are varied and can include sensory loss (numbness, tingling), motor problems (muscle weakness, paralysis), vision issues, fatigue, and cognitive difficulties.
- Multiple Sclerosis often results in progressive worsening of symptoms.
- MS is frequently diagnosed between the ages of 15 and 50 years.
Nervous System
- The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- The overall function is to coordinate the body's systems by receiving and sending information.
- The nervous system maintains homeostasis.
- Two divisions of the nervous system are identified:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves throughout the body
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- The PNS consists of the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) systems.
- Somatic system - involves skeletal muscles
- Autonomic system - regulates smooth muscles, glands
- Further divisions within the autonomic system include the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (fight or flight versus rest and digest).
Neurons and Neuroglia
- Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system. They transmit information throughout the body.
- Main parts of a neuron: cell body, dendrites, and axon.
- Myelin sheath: insulating layer surrounding many axons, speeding signal transmission.
- damage or loss of myelin (demyelination) can disrupt nerve signals.
- Schwann cells form myelin in the PNS, while oligodendrocytes form myelin in the CNS
- Other glial cells;
- Astrocytes - connect blood vessels to neurons
- Ependymal cells — form membranes around tissue, filter blood to make cerebrospinal fluid
- Microglia - immune cells.
Nerve Impulses and Communication
- Nerve impulses are weak electrical currents, propagated along a nerve fiber.
- Transmission is accomplished via neurotransmitters.
- Synapses are junctions where neurons communicate.
- Neurotransmitters are released across the synapse, and then are binding to the receptors of the adjacent neuron.
- Different neurotransmitters have different effects: excitatory or inhibitory
Drug Interactions with the Nervous System
- Drugs can interact with the nervous system by affecting neurotransmitter release, reuptake processes, or receptor activity.
- This is often tied to treating neurological diseases or improving the effects of specific stimuli.
Disorders Related to Nerve Cells
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive degenerative disease affecting nerve cells, particularly the motor neurons.
- Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures related to excessive electrical activity in nerve cells.
Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis
- Treatments for MS are designed with a primary focus on reducing immune system activity to prevent further nerve cell attack.
- Common methods include steroids (inflammation reducers) and disease-modifying therapies (reducing the frequency/severity of attacks).
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Description
This quiz explores the case study of Sarah Kate, a young woman diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis after experiencing alarming symptoms following a hiking incident. Delve into the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options related to MS, gaining insight into this complex autoimmune disease.
