Session 1 Quiz

• Ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, and spirituality are examples of cultures.
• Professional counselors who engage in advocacy efforts assume that there is a power differential among U.S. individuals.
• One way to deepen the level of understanding shared by a counselor and client is to use metaphors.
• It is imperative that professional counselors interpret client presentation based on norms from within the client's culture.
• Biculturalism is a part of the integration model of acculturation.
• Developing multicultural counseling competency involves a systems approach.
• When working with culturally diverse clients, it is essential to remember that there are more within-group differences than between-group differences.
• Acculturation refers to changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs as a cultural minority group encounters the dominant culture.
• Universal culture refers to commonalities shared by all cultures and humankind.
• The intrapersonal and interpersonal process in which individuals engage to build a clearer and more complex cultural identity is known as cultural identity development.
• An etic perspective focuses on universal qualities common to all cultures and aspects of counseling that are generalizable across cultures, while the emic perspective involves viewing each client as an individual and evaluating the client using their cultural norms.
• Privilege refers to the often unconscious and unearned power, access to resources, advantage, and social position based on cultural group memberships.
• Prejudice refers to prematurely holding a belief or attitude without appropriate examination or consideration of actual data, while discrimination refers to covert and overt behaviors based on generalizations about individuals' cultural group memberships.
• In the marginalization model of acculturation, individuals reject the values and customs of both their own culture and the host culture.
• Helping a client identify the external social, political, economic, and cultural factors that affect her life is an example from the ACA Advocacy Competency domain of Client/Student Empowerment.
• After a client informs their counselor that she was denied an apartment lease due to her race, the counselor refers his client to the free legal clinic available to university students is an example from the ACA Advocacy Competency domain of Client/Student Advocacy.
• Oppression by force involves the act of imposing on an individual or group an object, label, role, experience, or living condition that is unwanted and causes physical and psychological pain.
• Structural violence occurs when social, political, economic, and other institutional entities and processes intentionally or unintentionally place barriers on development, wellness, dignity, and human potential.
• Self-awareness, client services, and community collaboration are the 3 tiers of the three-tier model of social advocacy.
• In the session 1 video lecture, Dr. Philip mentioned, "we must hold our convictions with humility."

Session 2 Quiz

• Marginalization is the social process of becoming excluded from or existing outside mainstream society or a given group.
• Root's (1998) ecological model of multiracial identity development suggests that identity development is situational.
• The statement, "I don't tell racist jokes, but I admit I sometimes laugh. I don't like that I do that" is indicative of the disintegration status of Helms' White Racial Identity Development Model.
• The statement, "If people would just get over race and stop using it as an excuse, the world would be a better place" is indicative of the Conformity/Pre-Encounter status of the People of Color Racial Identity Development Model.
• According to Ponterotto's (1988) model, a White counselor trainee who feels strong allegiance to minority clients while also feeling negatively toward clients of her own race is likely to be in the Zealot-Defensive stage of development.
• The statement, "I am angry at God for letting my mother die! How could a God who is supposed to love be so cruel?" is indicative of the Awakening stage of the Poll and Smith (2003) model of spiritual identity development.
• Race is a political and socioeconomic construct.
• Movement through cultural identity development statuses is best described as cyclical.
• Racism is an ongoing, multidimensional, and dynamic process inherent to the development and maintenance of an institutionalized, hierarchical racial classification system.
• Members of marginalized groups believing and accepting, knowingly or unknowingly, negative social messages about their own racial and ethnic groups is referred to as internalized racism.
• Racial microaggressions are brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities (intentional or unintentional) that communicate hostile, derogatory, negative racial slights and insults to the target person or group.
• Exclusion of the targeted culture from a counseling theory may result in all of the above: misdiagnosis, misunderstanding of particular meanings of concepts and behaviors, and clients running the risk of being considered deficient.
• A person's worldview is comprised of personal constructs that are created within familial, cultural, and societal contexts.
• Theoretical adaptation allows a counselor to remain grounded in their client conceptualization while exploring new ways to apply theory.
• Multicultural counseling and therapy (MCT) has been presented as a meta-theory that encompasses many different conceptual models and approaches to counseling.
• In North America, practitioners' constructs of personality and psychopathology reflect White, male, Anglo-Germanic, Protestant individuals who are formally educated and middle class, which is an example of culture bound variables in diagnosis.
• If a counselor is going to provide a comprehensive assessment, the counselor should consider understanding the "total" person (mind and body) of the individual who is seeking services instead of solely identifying the criteria of various disorders and selecting the best fit.
• Culturally sensitive assessment involves assessing all of the above: cultural systems/structures, cultural values, and gender socialization.
• The cultural formulation interview is an emerging measure included in the DSM-5 that helps the clinician understand the cultural context and factors of the client's presenting problem, as well as the client's perception of the problem.
• In the session # 2 video lecture, Dr. Philip stated, "privilege and oppression are interrelated concepts that relate to us at different levels and are influenced by our individual experiences."

Session 3 Quiz

• Critical elements included in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) are all of the following: physical or mental impairment, substantial limits to major life activities, and difficulty walking, speaking, hearing.
• The origins of the social model of disability in the United States can be traced back to the Civil Rights Movement.
• Culturally competent counselors must be aware of all of the following to deliver effective counseling services: cross cultural considerations, functional impairments, and ableism.
• Understanding challenges associated with different cultures helps a professional counselor to eliminate the concept of ableism.
• The ACA approved standards for training gerontological counselors were later adopted by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP).
• One of ACA's Gerontological Competencies includes all of the following: demonstrates knowledge of special considerations and techniques for group work with older persons, demonstrates knowledge of sources of literature reporting research about older persons and ethical issues in research with older subjects, and exhibits sensitivity to sensory and physical limitations of older persons through appropriate environmental modifications.
• Social attitudes, rehabilitation and counseling practices, and policies that favor individuals who have or are perceived as having full physical and mental health abilities is known as ableism.
• Racial differences should brought up early in the counseling relationship.
• Assessing a client of African descent's level of acculturation includes: an assessment of values, cultural practices, and beliefs; conceptualizing African clients on the Traditional, Bicultural, Highly Acculturated, and Marginal continuum; exploring how connected a client of African descent is to the African American community
• Scientific racism represented an unethical practice initiated during the middle of the 18th century through the beginning of the 20th Century where pseudoscientists played an integral role in promulgating myths that indigenous non-Whites were racially inferior.
• Multiculturally sensitive counselors working with clients of African descent use a broad-based and flexible approach.
• Cross Model of Black Racial Identity is applied to counseling settings with cross-racial dyads of clients and counselors; client racial preferences for counselors, and supervisor-supervisee cross-racial pairings; and used to explore how racial identity can change over the life span.
• An individual who rejects the beliefs and practices of his or her culture of origin in favor of those of the dominant society or never learned his or her own cultural traditions would be considered highly acculturated.
• Transformation; translation refers to aspects of spiritual experience (e.g., beliefs, creeds, dogma) that are used as a framework to find meaning and purpose in life, while transformation is more complex and often involves physical, emotional, cognitive, and spiritual breakthroughs.
• Spiritual bypass refers to attempts to heal psychological wounds by working only at the spiritual level.
• A counselor who advocates for a particular belief system with clients is best referred to as unethical.
• Ethical bracketing refers to the intentional setting aside of the counselor's personal values in order to provide ethical and appropriate counseling to all clients.
• When a counselor and client come from a shared religious reality, the counselor may assume to know the client's worldview without assessment, which is a particular problem within the pluralist and exclusivist approaches.
• According to Dr. Philip's video lecture in session # 3, accurate assessment of the cultural identity of clients is imperative for successful treatment.
• Possessing knowledge of all religious belief systems is not an important competency for counselors working with religious and spiritual issues according to ASERVIC.

Session 4 Quiz

• Gay men tend to be diagnosed with panic disorder more than heterosexual men.
• Individuals who are LGBT are more likely than persons who are heterosexual to experience depression, suicide, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders.
• The Defense of Marriage Act is an example of institutional heterosexism.
• When working with LGBTQI clients of color, counselors should focus on all of the above: ethnic identity, gender identity, sexual orientation.
• Conversion therapy was used to convert the sexual orientation of LGBTQI individuals.
• Sexual identity includes all of the above: physical identity, gender identity, and social sex role identity.
• Gay affirmative counseling includes counselors being aware of their own strengths and weaknesses in working with gay clients.
• Cass' model of gay and lesbian identity development set the groundwork for future identity development models and is one of the most comprehensive models.
• Regarding communication styles, Arab Americans clients may use nonverbal gestures to express emotion and respect.
• A major issue for gay and lesbian "double and triple minorities" is fearing that they are risking the acceptance of one group by identifying with another group.
• According to the ALGBTIC competencies, competent counselors understand that homosexuality, bisexuality, and gender nonconformity are all of the above: not forms of psychopathology, not evidence of developmental arrest, and core characteristics that influence clients' perceptions of themselves and their worlds.
• The Stonewall uprising marked the beginning of the modern LGBTQI rights movement.
• Counselors working with Arab American clients should explore all of the following EXCEPT how their families are related to the presenting problem or solution.
• Providing culturally competent counseling to an Arab American client would NOT always include focusing on Islam and how it functions in the client's life.
• In counseling Arab American clients, the ideal counseling dyad includes a counselor who periodically reviews confidentiality and other aspects of the counseling relationship.
• Constructivist counseling approaches may be useful for Arab American clients because these approaches allow clients to tell their story and be heard, understood, and validated.
• A career-related issue that an Arab American client may present in counseling is all of the above are possible career-related issues: workplace discrimination, the impact of immigration on work, the impact of cultural adjustment on work.
• Important considerations in counseling Arab American clients are likely to include each of the following EXCEPT engaging clients in developing client's self-awareness and insight.
• According to the faculty panel and Dr. Philip's lecture, ACA Code of Ethics does not permit counselors to refer or terminate clients based on the counselors' values.
• According to the faculty panel, as counselors, we hold the following two realities in the counseling session: Telos (the end goal) and the phenomenological (lived) experience of the client.

Session 5 Quiz

• Fidel Castro's rise to power in 1959 and the 1980 Mariel Boatlift account for a majority of immigration activity in relation to U.S. Latinas/os of Cuban Heritage.
• One of the more alarming aspects of acculturative stress is that U.S. Latinas/os can continue to suffer from it as they continue to acculturate.
• Eco-maps are formally considered a type of genogram.
• The first anti-miscegenation laws were enacted in 1664.
• Hypodescent is also known as the one-drop rule.
• The Root (1998) ecological identity model derived from her work with multiple heritage individuals with Asian backgrounds.
• When assessing a multiracial child's presenting concerns, the counselor should consider all of the above: the child's developmental age or stage, the child rearing practices of the parents, and familial and racial/ethnic issues.
• The first multiracial organization was Interracial/Inter-cultural Pride (I-Pride).
• A multiracial civil rights movement emerged during the 1980s and 1990s.
• Early models of multiracial identity development used a(n) linear model and focused solely on the racial identity development of the individual.
• The Root (2002) Ecological Framework for Understanding Multiracial Identity Development includes all of the above: family and personal characteristics, social, psychological, and cognitive development factors, and environmental factors.
• Racial distance is concerned with the perception of one's multiple racial identities as unique and separate from one another.
• Personalismo is a basic cultural value of Hispanic Americans.
• Racial conflict is concerned with one's perception of the existence of conflict between their multiple racial identities.
• Multiracial individuals with low levels of racial distance and low levels of racial conflict are deemed as having high multiracial identity integration.
• The achievement of a positive racial and cultural identity and self-concept for individuals depends on all of the above: individuals' support systems, how concerns are managed, and the individuals' strengths and inner resources.
• Shifting racial/ethnic expression entails altering the expression of one's racial/ethnic identity depending upon the environmental context.
• Racial resistance is the act of defying traditional social norms and conventions of race perpetuated in U.S. society in response to inquiries about one's racial/ethnic identity.
• Counselors are called to action by engaging in ongoing self-monitoring of assumptions and biases held toward multiple heritage individuals in the counselor self-awareness domain of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies
• The counseling and advocacy interventions domain of the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies calls upon counselors to intervene with and on behalf of clients at multiple levels.

Session 6 Quiz

• Traditional women's roles were challenged during World War II.
• Transgenerational focus refers to the concept that greater understanding of individual men can be gained by revisiting their relationships with their fathers, grandfathers and other men in their family.
• TGNC stands for transgender and gender nonconforming and describes people whose gender identities and expressions do not fit into societal norms of sex assignment and the gender binary.
• In addition to developing the awareness, knowledge, skills, and actions to address gender and sexism in the counseling process, all of the above may lead to more effective outcomes: Exploration of racial and cultural differences, and communication Styles
• Perceived counselor credibility was strongly related to Asian Americans' utilization of counseling services.
• Ensuring that survivors are safe from their abusers is the first stage outlined for women's recovery from sexual abuse in Judith Herman's (1992) Trauma and Recovery.
• Among Asian Americans, kinship refers to an extended network of relationships that encompass several households.
• Enculturation refers to socialization within one's culture of origin, whereas acculturation refers to socialization to the host culture and are often referred to in the immigration literature.
• According to Chung and Katayama (1998), Asian Americans undergo a dual but parallel process of development in relation to their ethnic and sexual identities.
• Asian American overutilization rates of mental health services has been attributed to lack of culturally sensitive services.
• Western approaches to mental health endorse values related to individual goals.
• Cultural conceptualizations of problems need to incorporate all of the following: individual, systemic, and environmental influences, pre-immigration and post-immigration adjustment, and outreach and advocacy
• Being a culturally competent counselor involves all of the following: an awareness of how meanings of identities shift across social locations, an awareness of one's own assumptions and biases about a group, and challenging discriminatory practices at the individual and systemic levels.
• Large scale Asian American immigration began with Chinese immigration to California and Hawaii.
• The Model Minority myth developed during the Civil Rights unrest of the 1960's.
• Cultural racism is manifested in underlying assumptions, values and beliefs of the dominant culture.
• Respect, responsibility, and action is involved in being an ethical, socially responsible counselor.
• The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which based immigration on family reunification rather than national origins quotas, resulted in an 800% increase in the number of Asian immigrants since 1970.
• Cultural frame switching refers to the notion that different aspects of identity may be activated based on different contexts.
• A significant area of struggle Asian Americans face in the U.S is related to acculturation.