Muhammad Ghori & Slave Dynasty

Muhammad Ghori's Invasions

• Muhammad Ghori initiated invasions into India in 1175 AD.
• Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 AD.
• Ghori defeated and killed Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD.
• King Bhimdev II was the first Rajput king to defeat Muhammad Ghori.
• Muhammad Ghori died on March 15, 1206.
• Multan & Sindh were conquered from 1175-1178 AD.
• The Battle of Chandawar occurred in 1194 AD, fought between Ghori and Jaichand Rathore, who was Prithviraj Chauhan's father-in-law.
• Conquest of Gujarat, Bundelkhand, Bengal, and Bihar occurred between 1195-1202 AD.
• The Khokhar revolt took place in 1205 AD.

Slave Dynasty Rulers

• Qutub-ud-din Aibak ruled from 1206-1210.
• Aram Shah succeeded Aibak.
• Iltutmish ruled from 1210-1236.
• Razia Sultan ruled from 1236-1240.
• Ghiyas ud din Balban was also a ruler.

Qutub-ud-din Aibak

• Muhammad Ghori entrusted his Indian empire to Qutub-ud-din Aibak when returning.
• Aibak, a slave and commander of Ghori, was also regarded as his son-in-law.
• Qutub-ud-din Aibak was known as "Lakh Baksh" due to his generosity and donations of lakhs.
• Aibak did not assume the title of Sultan, referring to himself as Malik and Sipahsalar, considering himself a slave of Ghori.
• While he founded the Slave Dynasty, Iltutmish is seen as the dynasty's real founder.
• He constructed the Adhai Din Ka Jhopra in Ajmer and the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Delhi.
• In Delhi, he began construction of the Qutub Minar to honor Sufi saint Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• Aibak was of Turkish origin.
• He governed from 1206 to 1210 AD.
• He died in 1210 AD while playing Chaugan (Polo).
• Fakhruddin, the writer of 'Tareekh-e-Mubarak Shahi', lived during his reign.

Delhi Sultanate

• The Delhi Sultanate comprised five dynasties.
• The Tughlaq Dynasty was the longest.
• The Khilji Dynasty was the shortest.
• The Slave Dynasty existed from 1206 to 1290 AD, lasting 84 years.

Iltutmish

• Iltutmish reigned from 1210-1236 AD.
• His original name was Shamsuddin Ilyas.
• He was an Ilbari Turk from the Shamsi dynasty.
• Iltutmish finished the construction of Qutub Minar.
• In 1229 AD, the Caliph of Baghdad legally recognized Iltutmish as the Sultan of Delhi.
• He moved the capital from Lahore to Delhi.
• He established the "Turkan-i-Chahalgani," a group of 40 nobles.
• Iltutmish was known as the Slave of Slave.
• He introduced two coins: the silver coin (Tanka) and the copper coin (Jital).
• Iltutmish initiated the 'Iqta System,' which divided the empire into small tracts (Iqtas) assigned to soldiers and officers.
• The Third Battle of Tarain in 1216 AD was between Iltutmish and Taj al-Din Yildiz, with Iltutmish winning.
• Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of 'Tabaqat-i Nasiri', lived during his reign.

Razia Sultan

• Razia Sultan was the first Muslim woman to rule India, and daughter of Iltutmish.
• She ruled for four years (1236-1240 AD).
• Yakut was her slave.
• She married Altunia, the governor of Bhatinda.
• Razia and Altunia died in 1240 near Kaithal, Haryana.
• The Turkani Chahalgani, a group of 40 nobles/Turkish leaders, did not accept a woman ruler.

Ghiyasuddin Balban

• Balban initiated the "blood and iron" policy.
• Balban implemented the systems of "Paibos" and "Sijda" to assert his authority.
• "Paibos" is the persian word for kissing feet and "Sijda" involves bowing before the ruler.
• Balban gave himself the title "Zil-i-Ilahi," meaning Shadow of God.
• Balban introduced the festival of Navroz of Parsi origin in India.

Balban's Policies

• Balban dismantled the Turkani Chahalgani (group of 40).
• Balban appointed spies to monitor his officials.
• He created a military department called "Diwan-i-Arz."

End of Slave Dynasty

• The last ruler of the Slave Dynasty was either Kaikubad or his minor son, Kayumars.
• Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji, who founded the Khilji dynasty, assassinated Kayumars.

Mongol Invasion

• Genghis Khan attacked the Delhi Sultanate during Iltutmish's reign.
• Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire.

Slave Dynasty Overview

• Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206.
• The Slave Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
• Aibak constructed mosques like Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Delhi and Adhai Din Ka Jhopra in Ajmer.
• Iltutmish relocated the capital from Lahore to Delhi.
• Raziya Sultan was the first and last Muslim woman to rule over Delhi.
• Ghiyasuddin Balban eliminated the Turkani Chahalgani, introduced the Sijda and Paibos systems, and initiated the Navroz festival.