MUH101: Python Programming Basics

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Questions and Answers

What will be the result of the expression `int(3.9)`?

3 (correct)

3.9

ValueError

Which of the following statements about type conversion is true?

Converting a string that cannot be interpreted as a number will cause an error. (correct)

Using `float()` on a string will always succeed.

All types are convertible without restrictions.

Integers can only be converted to floats using explicit methods.

What is the output of the command `print(3 + 2)`?

5 (correct)

3.5

3 + 2

5.0 (correct)

Which of the following expressions will yield a float as a result?

4 * float(2) Signup and view all the answers

What does the `print()` function do?

It outputs text or values to the console. Signup and view all the answers

What type of error occurs when a program runs without crashing but produces an unexpected output?

Logical error Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of executing the command 'print(3 + 'a')'?

TypeError Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a scalar object in Python?

5.0 Signup and view all the answers

How can you check the type of an object in Python?

type() function Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a program encounters a syntactic error?

It generates a message indicating invalid syntax. Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-scalar object in Python?

A string Signup and view all the answers

When does a static semantic error occur?

When a type mismatch occurs that cannot be checked until runtime. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about objects in Python is true?

Objects have a type that dictates how they can be used. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of finding a guess g for which g ∗ g is close to x?

If g ∗ g is close enough to x, stop. Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes an algorithm in the context of programming?

A sequence of simple steps combined with control flow to determine when to stop. Signup and view all the answers

What type of computer stores and executes a sequence of instructions?

Stored program computer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes static semantics in programming languages?

The meaning assigned to syntactically valid strings. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about programming languages is true?

Any computable algorithm can be executed in any programming language. Signup and view all the answers

What result does the expression '3 + '5'' produce in a programming language?

Static semantic error Signup and view all the answers

What is a basic primitive in programming, as described by Turing?

A single operation or action that can be executed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides a means of determining when to stop in a recipe-like process?

Flow of control Signup and view all the answers

How do expressions in a programming language differ from basic primitives?

Expressions consist of complex combinations of primitives. Signup and view all the answers

In programming, what does semantics refer to?

The interpretation and meaning of a syntactically correct statement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expression $3 * (2 + 5)$?

21 Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression $i , ext{mod} , j$ represent?

The remainder when $i$ is divided by $j$ Signup and view all the answers

What will be the value of $a$ after executing the command $a, b = 3, 5$?

3 Signup and view all the answers

According to operator precedence, which operation will be executed first in the expression $3 + 5 * 2$?

Multiplication ($5 * 2$) Signup and view all the answers

What does the syntax '# This is a comment' do in Python?

Is ignored by Python Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents an assignment of multiple variables?

x = y = 4 Signup and view all the answers

What will be the output if the value of pi is set to 3.14?

3.14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the expression $3 ** 4$?

81 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Details

MUH101: Learn Python programming language
All classes are face-to-face
Communication is through Hacettepe University Digital Learning Platform (HADİ)

Grading

60% Midterm Exam (2 exams)
40% Final Exam (1 exam)
Midterm format will be announced during the semester

Policy

Collaboration on course material is encouraged
Exams must be done individually, cheating results in -100, F3, and disciplinary action.

Programming Tips

The course is fast-paced, practice early
Do not skip lectures
For beginners, practice is key.
Download code before lecture and follow along.
Don't be afraid to experiment with Python commands.

Recipes and Algorithms

A recipe is a sequence of simple steps
It defines the flow of control process and when each step is executed
It determines when to stop
An algorithm is similar to a recipe
Example of Algorithm: 1 + 2 + 3 = an algorithm!

Computers as Machines

Computers are machines that capture recipes as mechanical processes.
Fixed program computer: A calculator, performs specific functions and has a fixed programming
Stored program computer: Stores and executes instructions, more advanced than fixed program computers

Stored Program Computers

Instructions are stored inside the computer.
Instructions are built from a set of primitive instructions: arithmetic, logic, simple tests, and data movement.
A special program called an interpreter executes instructions in order.
Tests in the program alter the flow of control within the instruction sequence.
The process stops when all instructions are executed.

Basic Primitives

Turing proved that any computation can be done with 6 primitive instructions.
Modern programming languages offer a broader and more convenient set of primitives.
New primitives can be created.
“Anything computable in one language is computable in any other programming language.” - Python, Java, C, Pascal, C++, and C# function similarly.

Creating Recipes

Programming languages provide primitives: numbers, strings, simple operators
Expressions are legal combinations of primitives within a programming language.

Aspects of Languages

Syntax: Rules for valid strings (grammar)
Static Semantics: Rules for which syntactically valid strings have meaningful interpretations
Semantics: Meaning associated with syntactically correct strings

Where Things Go Wrong

Syntactic errors: Common, easily caught, errors in the grammar of the code
Static semantic errors: Some languages catch these before running. Can cause unpredictable behavior
No static semantic errors, but unintended meaning: Can cause crashes, infinite loops, and unexpected results.

Examples

Syntactic error: print(3.a), a = 5; 3a + 2, a - 3'a', Python will throw a "SyntaxError"
Static semantic error: 3 + 'a', Python will throw a "TypeError"

Python Programs

Program is a sequence of definitions and commands
Definitions are evaluated, commands are executed by the Python interpreter within a shell.
Commands can be typed directly into a shell or stored in a file that is read into the interpreter.

Objects

Objects have a type that defines what a program can do with them.
Scalar objects: Cannot be subdivided. Examples include integers (int), real numbers (float), Boolean values (bool), and NoneType.
Non-scalar objects: Have internal structure. Examples include Strings.

Scalar Objects

int represents Integers. Example: 5
float represents Real numbers. Example: 3.27
bool represents Boolean values. Example: True, False
NoneType represents a special value called None.
type() function can be used to determine the type of an object.

Non-Scalar Objects

Strings: Sequence of Characters, have internal structure. Example: name = "burkay"
name[2:4] would call out elements 2 and 3.
Object-oriented programming centers around using non-scalar objects.

Type Conversions (Cast)

Convert objects from one type to another but not all types are convertible.
float(3) Converts integer 3 to float 3.0
int(3.9) Truncates float 3.9 to integer 3

Printing to Console

Use print() command to display output from code to a user.

Expressions

Combine objects & operators to create expressions.
Expressions have values and types.

Operators on ints and floats

i+j: Sum of integers i and j. Result is an integer if both are int, else is a float.
i-j: Difference
i*j: Product
i/j: Division, result is always a float
i%j: Remainder when i is divided by j
i**j: i raised to the power of j

Simple Operations

Parentheses determine order of operations, 3 * (2 + 5)
Order of operations without parentheses: **, *, / , + and - executed left to right.

Binding Variables and Values

= assigns a value to a variable name.
pi = 3.14159 binds pi to 3.14159 which is stored in memory.
Retrieve value associated with a variable by invoking its name, by typing pi.

Multiple Assignments

Assign multiple values to multiple variables simultaneously.
a, b = 3, 5

Variable Naming

Use clear, understandable names.
Parentheses make the code more readable.

Comments

Adds enrichment and documentation to code.
Start a line with # to denote a comment. Python ignores commented lines.

Abstracting Expressions

Why give names to values of expressions?
It helps you organize and manage your code.
It improves the readability and maintainability of your program.
It allows you to reuse values and expressions without repeating them.
Overall, it contributes to writing efficient and well-structured code.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of Python programming in this interactive quiz designed for MUH101 students. Test your understanding of core concepts, algorithms, and programming tips to excel in your courses. Join us to enhance your skills and prepare for exams!