Mugwort Extract Fermentation Study

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Questions and Answers

How does the pH change during the mugwort extract fermentation process?

  • pH remains constant throughout the fermentation.
  • pH initially decreases and then slightly increases at the end of fermentation. (correct)
  • pH increases steadily throughout the fermentation.
  • pH initially increases and then decreases at the end of fermentation.

Which of the following describes the trend observed in reducing sugar content during mugwort extract fermentation?

  • Reducing sugar content increases steadily throughout fermentation. (correct)
  • Reducing sugar content decreases initially, then increases.
  • Reducing sugar content decreases gradually.
  • Reducing sugar content remains constant.

What happens to the sucrose content during the fermentation of mugwort extract?

  • Sucrose content fluctuates depending on the yeast species.
  • Sucrose content remains stable throughout fermentation.
  • Sucrose content decreases as fermentation progresses. (correct)
  • Sucrose content increases as fermentation progresses.

Which of the following yeast species was observed to dominate early in the mugwort extract fermentation process?

<p>Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which yeast species tends to become dominant in later stages of mugwort extract fermentation?

<p>Candida lactis-condensi. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are lactic acid bacteria and yeast counts generally affected during mugwort extract fermentation?

<p>Both counts decrease over the fermentation period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major volatile compound identified in mugwort extract fermentation?

<p>3-methyl-1-butanol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concentration of 3-methyl-1-butanol change during mugwort extract fermentation?

<p>It increases initially and then stabilizes or slightly decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend observed in soluble phenolics content during mugwort extract fermentation?

<p>Content increases as fermentation proceeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power (FRAP) generally affected during the fermentation of mugwort extract?

<p>They all increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to extract the mugwort in this study?

<p>Osmotic pressure using sucrose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which analytical technique was utilized to identify and quantify the volatile compounds present in the mugwort extract during fermentation?

<p>GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific rationale supports the selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for initiating fermentation in mugwort extracts?

<p>Its glucophilic nature, thriving on readily available glucose. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is employed to analyze reducing sugars within samples?

<p>DNS (dinitrosalicylic acid) assay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on compositional changes during fermentation, which conversion is most likely to contribute to alcohol percentage increase?

<p>Sucrose to simpler monosaccharides followed by fermentation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor best explains the gradual decrease in bacterial and yeast counts during the extended fermentation of plant extracts?

<p>Osmotic stress combined with increased alcohol concentrations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the invertase enzyme fulfill during the fermentation of plant extracts containing sucrose?

<p>Hydrolyzing sucrose into fructose and glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might ABTS assay reveal higher antioxidant activities than DPPH assay?

<p>ABTS assay detects both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rationale supports the measurement of antioxidant activity?

<p>Assesses the capacity to neutralize free radicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major class of compounds is likely responsible for the increased antioxidant activity observed during fermentation?

<p>Soluble phenolics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct purpose of using primers in PCR amplification during microbial diversity analysis of fermented extracts?

<p>Initiate specific DNA sequence replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle underlies FRAP assay's assessment of antioxidative capacity?

<p>Ability to reduce ferric ions to ferrous, influencing color change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cellular morphology analysis primarily perform with relation to monitoring yeast ecology and identifying strains?

<p>Identify yeast strains according to unique morphological traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular marker is most often assessed for identifying and classifying species present within yeast communities, when examining diversity?

<p>26S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of this mugwort fermentation study, how can certain fermentation conditions impact the relationship between specific volatile compounds and antioxidative stability?

<p>Selective volatile compounds can correlate and synergize to improve stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is used to extract and concentrate volatile aroma compounds from fermented samples?

<p>Solid phase microextraction (SPME). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal?

<p>Optimize the fermentation process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At Which degree Celcius is the best to incubate microbial material?

<p>30 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens after about four months?

<p>The volume can reduce and be hard to test as accurately. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After finding Saccharomyces cerevisiaewhat what is most likely to be discovered?

<p>Torulaspora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to document in which months are best to extract mugwort?

<p>May-June (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to document which family species does mugwort(Artemisia sp.) belong to?

<p>Composition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Plant extract fermented beverages

Liquid fermented beverages made from fruits, vegetables, or herbs using sugar solubilization.

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria involved in plant extract fermentation.

Yeast

Eukaryotic microorganisms involved in plant extract fermentation.

Titratable Acidity Measurement

Method to determine acidity by neutralizing with NaOH.

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Brix Measurement

Measurement of total soluble solids in a solution.

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DNS Assay

Method to quantify reducing sugars.

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Chromatography

Separates components based on their physical and chemical properties.

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Spectrophotometer

Instrument used to measure a substance's light absorption.

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Fermentation

The use of microorganisms to produce various compounds in food.

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rDNA sequencing

Molecular technique used to identify microorganisms.

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Antioxidants

Compounds that can donate electrons to stabilize free radicals.

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DPPH Assay

Assay to measure antioxidant activity, using DPPH radical.

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ABTS Assay

Assay to measure antioxidant activity, using ABTS radical.

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FRAP Assay

Assay to measure the reducing power of a substance.

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Benzyl alcohol

Aromatic alcohol found in fermented products.

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3-methyl-1-butanol

The main volatile compound in the mugwort extract.

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Oxalic acid

Acid found in various plants and produced during fermentation.

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Phenolics Content

Radical scavenging activity measurement correlated in reference to phenolics.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Changes of yeast composition during 30 days.

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C. lactis-condensi

Changes of yeast composition during late days.

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Study Notes

  • This study investigates the yeast diversity and aroma component changes during the mugwort extract fermentation process.

Background

  • Plant extract fermented beverages use over 50 kinds of ingredients.
  • Fruits, vegetables, herbs, and seaweeds are fermented with the help of lactic acid bacteria and yeast.
  • There's a lack of research on microbial diversity and aromas involved in plant extract fermentation.

Objectives

  • To study physicochemical properties, yeast diversity, aromas, and antioxidant activity during mugwort extract fermentation

Materials and Methods

  • Mugwort was collected in Hadong, Korea in May 2012, washed, and drained.
  • White sugar was purchased for sugar content adjustment.
  • Standard organic acids, sugars, and reagents were supplied by Difco, Sigma-Aldrich, and J.T.Baker.
  • Five kilograms of mugwort mixed with 5 kg of white sugar and then extracted at room temperature for 10 days and filtered.
  • Ten liters of solution was fermented in bottle type closures for 120 days

Key Findings

  • As the mugwort extract was fermenting, the pH decreased from 5.24 to 4.78 which increased acidity.
  • Reducing sugar increased. Alcohol content was 5.0%.
  • Sugar content remained mostly the same
  • Sucrose decreased, while glucose and fructose increased.
  • Major organic acids were oxalic and succinic acid.
  • Oxalic acid increased, but succinic acid remained relatively consistent.
  • Lactic acid bacteria and yeast counts reduced due to high osmotic pressure.
  • The 7 yeast species identified in mugwort included; Candida lactis-condensi, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Hyphopichia burtonii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces paradoxus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Zygosaccharomyces pseudorouxii
  • S. cerevisiae was highest at 95.0% after 30 days of fermentation
  • The C. lactis-condensi 60 days grew to 100%
  • Main aroma components changed:
    • 3-methyl-1-butanol decreased.
    • Benzyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde presence increased.
  • S. cerevisiae initially dominates, then C. lactis-condensi dominated later on.
  • Soluble phenolics content increased during fermentation and, similarly, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and FRAP increased

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