Mughal Empire and Regional Kingdoms
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Questions and Answers

What was the consequence of the Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817?

  • The British granted autonomy to the Maratha states.
  • The Marathas gained control over Orissa.
  • The Peshwa was reinstated in Pune.
  • Maratha power was crushed. (correct)

    • Which treaty marked the end of the First Anglo-Maratha War?

  • Treaty of Seringapatam
  • Treaty of Salbai (correct)
  • Treaty of Purandar
  • Treaty of Bassein

    • During which Governor-General's tenure was the Doctrine of Lapse introduced?

  • Lord Cornwallis
  • Lord Dalhousie (correct)
  • Lord Wellesley
  • Lord Hastings

    • Rani Channamma challenged British annexation of which state?

    <p>Kitoor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the strategic reason behind the British interest in north-west India in the late 1830s?

    <p>To prevent Russian expansion into India</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following continued the resistance movement in Kitoor after Rani Channamma's arrest?

    <p>Rayanna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What territory did the British gain after the Second Anglo-Maratha War?

    <p>Orissa and Delhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Maratha ruler's death in 1839 led to prolonged wars for his kingdom?

    <p>Ranjit Singh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What policy did Lord Hastings introduce during his tenure as Governor-General?

    <p>Paramountcy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War?

    <p>Stalemate with no clear victor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    From Trade to Territory

    • The Mughal Empire declined after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, leading to the emergence of regional kingdoms and the British East India Company as a powerful force.
    • The British East India Company was initially a trading company, but it eventually became a dominant force in India.

    East India Company Comes East

    • In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth I, granting it a monopoly on trade with India.
    • The Company's goal was to buy goods at a cheap price and sell them at a higher price in Europe.
    • The Company faced competition from other European powers, such as the Portuguese and the French, which led to conflicts and battles.

    East India Company begins trade in Bengal

    • The first English factory was set up on the banks of the Hugli River in 1651.
    • The Company bribed Mughal officials to gain trade concessions and eventually established a fort in Kolkata.
    • The Company's trade expanded, but it led to conflicts with the local Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb.

    How trade led to battles

    • The conflict between the Company and the nawabs of Bengal intensified in the early 18th century.
    • The Company's expansion into Bengal led to accusations of deceit, and the nawabs refused to grant concessions.
    • The conflict culminated in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which marked a turning point in British history in India.

    The Battle of Plassey

    • The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British East India Company and the nawab of Bengal, Sirajuddaulah.
    • The Company's army, led by Robert Clive, defeated the nawab's army, leading to the establishment of the Company as a dominant force in India.
    • The battle marked the beginning of British rule in India.

    The Territorial Ambition

    • After the Battle of Plassey, the Company's territorial ambition grew, and it began to expand its control over India.
    • The Company's officials became known as "nabobs," or rulers of India.

    Company officials become "nabobs"

    • The Company's officials began to live like nawabs, with a desire for power and authority.
    • The Company's expansion into India led to the establishment of a new system of governance, with the Company as the ruling authority.

    What could the Company do?

    • The Company's expansion into India led to conflicts with local rulers and the need for a new system of governance.
    • The Company's officials became responsible for administering the territories they conquered.
    • The Company's revenues from India financed its wars and expansion.

    Tipu Sultan - The "Tiger of Mysore"

    • The Company's expansion into India led to conflicts with the southern Indian state of Mysore.
    • Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, stopped the export of goods to the Company and allied with the French.
    • The Company fought three wars against Mysore, eventually defeating Tipu Sultan in the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799.

    The Resident Have?

    • The Company's residents were responsible for administering the territories they conquered.
    • The residents were seen as kings of the land, with the power to make decisions and govern the territories.

    Glossary

    • Injunction: Instruction
    • Subservience: Submissiveness### The Marathas' Decline
    • The Marathas' dream of ruling from Delhi was shattered after their defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
    • They were divided into many states under different sardars belonging to dynasties such as Sindhia and Holkar.
    • The Marathas were united in a confederacy under a Peshwa (Principal Minister) in Pune.

    The Anglo-Maratha Wars

    • The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) ended with the Treaty of Salbai, with no clear victor.
    • The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805) was fought on different fronts, resulting in the British gaining Orissa and Delhi.
    • The Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817 crushed Maratha power, and the Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension.

    The Claim to Paramountcy

    • The Company pursued an aggressive policy of territorial expansion from the early 19th century.
    • Under Lord Hastings (Governor-General from 1813 to 1823), a new policy of "paramountcy" was initiated, claiming the Company's authority was paramount or supreme over Indian states.
    • The Company claimed the right to annex any Indian kingdom that threatened its interests.

    Resistance to British Rule

    • Rani Channamma of Kitoor led an anti-British resistance movement when the British tried to annex her state in 1824.
    • Rayanna, a poor chowkidar of Sangoli, carried on the resistance, destroying many British camps and records, but was caught and hanged by the British in 1830.

    The Doctrine of Lapse

    • The East India Company fought a war with Afghanistan between 1838 and 1842, establishing indirect rule there.
    • Sind was taken over next in line, followed by Punjab.
    • The Doctrine of Lapse, devised by Lord Dalhousie (Governor-General from 1848-1856), declared that if a ruler died without a male heir, the state would "lapse" and become part of the Company territory.
    • States like Sambalpur and others were annexed by the Company using this doctrine.

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    Learn about the decline of the Mughal Empire and the rise of regional kingdoms in India after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Understand how Delhi lost its power as a central authority.

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