Mughal Architecture and Monuments

Study Notes

Mughal Architecture

Shah Jahan, a prominent Mughal emperor, commissioned many iconic structures.
The Diwan-e-Khas in Agra Fort served as an imperial audience hall.
Sheesh Mahal, known as the "Palace of Mirrors," is another significant construction from Shah Jahan's reign.
Red Fort in Delhi represents Mughal architectural significance and was also built under Shah Jahan.
Peer Mahal, a Mughal garden, is located in the Zobardarwan mountain range, built by Shah Jahan's eldest son.

Sikhism Overview

Sikhism originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 15th century.
It emerged during the Bhakti movement and incorporates elements of Vaishnava Hinduism.
The term "Sikh" is derived from the Sanskrit word Shishya, meaning disciple or learner.
Sikhs refer to their faith as Gurmat, meaning "the Way of the Guru".

Founding Gurus of Sikhism

Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1539), the founder of Sikhism, was born in Lahore.
He attained enlightenment at thirty-six in Sultanpur and is celebrated as Shaheeden-de-Sartaj.
Guru Angad Dev (1504-1552), the second Sikh Guru, focused on strengthening the Sikh community and teachings.
Guru Arjan Dev (1563-1606) compiled the Adi Granth, a key scripture, and oversaw the construction of the Golden Temple.
Guru Har Gobind Sahib (1595-1644) introduced the concept of one God and established the Akal Takht, the seat of divine authority in Sikhism.

Subsequent Gurus and Their Contributions

Guru Har Rai Sahib (1644-1661) worked to maintain peace with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
Guru Har Krishan Sahib (1661-1664), the youngest guru, was known for his focus on compassion and healing.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib (1621-1675) founded Anandpur Sahib and was honored as Hind-di-Chadar for his bravery; he was martyred by Aurangzeb.
Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (1666-1708), the last of the ten Gurus, solidified Sikh identity and founded the Khalsa.

Key Concepts and Scriptures in Sikhism

The Adi Granth, also known as Guru Granth Sahib, compiles over 6000 hymns significant to Sikh thought.
The Mool Mantar encapsulates core Sikh beliefs and teachings.
Sikh practices include Ham japna (keeping God in mind), Kirt Karna (earning an honest living), and Vand Chhakna (sharing with others).

Sikh Sociology

Sikhs are expected to combat the five vices: lust, anger, attachment, pride, and greed.
The concept of Langar, communal kitchen serving free meals, emphasizes equality and community service.
Five Takhts, pivotal sites of authority and prayer, include Akal Takht in Amritsar, Takht Damdama Sahib, and Takht Patna Sahib.

Historical Context

Sikh Gurus often faced persecution from Mughal authorities, leading to significant martyrdoms, especially under emperors like Jahangir and Aurangzeb.
Sikhism evolved as a distinct faith, advocating for social justice, equality, and spirituality away from oppressive traditions.

Artistic and Cultural Heritage

Janamsakhis, biographies of Guru Nanak, convey his teachings and stories, contributing to Sikh culture and literature.
The Golden Temple, a landmark of Sikhism, symbolizes spirituality, community, and architectural beauty.

Description

This quiz covers various monuments and architectural wonders built by the Mughal Empire, including the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort. It explores the history and significance of these structures. Take the quiz to test your knowledge of Mughal heritage!