MTOCs and Kinetochore Microtubule Lecture Outline

What is a chromosome in eukaryotic cells?

How many chromosomes do humans typically have?

What is the role of cohesins in mitosis?

What are condensins responsible for in mitosis?

What do kinetochore proteins do in relation to chromosomes?

What is the function of the spindle apparatus in mitosis?

Which structure serves as the MTOC in animal cells?

What is the function of kinetochore microtubules?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell growth and protein content increase?

What defines the two poles of the spindle apparatus?

Where do polar microtubules extend from?

Which structure anchors the spindle poles in place?

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

What must happen for a cell to divide successfully?

How does a prokaryote differ from a eukaryote in terms of genetic material?

What are the three essential events that need to happen for a cell to divide?

How does a prokaryote cell ensure that each daughter cell gets a copy of replicated DNA?

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome structures?

What is the name of the arrested state in which nondividing cells get permanently stuck in G1 phase?

Which phase of the cell cycle is essentially eliminated in rapidly dividing cells?

What are the two types of defects found in cancerous cells according to the text?

What might happen when cells bypass the cell-cycle checkpoints according to the text?

How do benign tumours differ from malignant tumours as described in the text?

What happens to cells during metastasis according to the text?

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

What is the main event in mitosis?

How is cytokinesis different in plant cells compared to animal cells?

What is the role of the contractile ring in animal cell cytokinesis?

Which phase of the cell cycle involves the preparation for mitosis and cytokinesis?

'M Phase' in the cell cycle consists of which two distinct events?

During binary fission, a prokaryote cell replicates its ______

To divide successfully, a cell must satisfy the requirement of each daughter cell receiving the full complement of ______ material

Eukaryotic cells divide by ______ and cytokinesis

Binary fission in prokaryotes is the process by which a single cell becomes two ______ cells

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular strand of DNA, while eukaryotic cells have ______ chromosomes

The process of cell division must ensure that the parent cell contributes sufficient ______ components to each daughter cell

In eukaryotic cells, a chromosome is a long double helix of DNA wrapped around proteins called __________

Every species has a characteristic number of __________

Before mitosis, each chromosome is __________

Chromatids attached together are called sister __________

The spindle apparatus produces mechanical forces that move replicated chromosomes during early mitosis and pull chromatids apart in late __________

The spindle apparatus is made of __________, formed from microtubule-organizing centres (MTOCs)

During mitosis, the division of the replicated chromosomes occurs in the ______ phase

In animal cells, MTOCs are centrosomes, each containing a pair of ______.

In plant cells, MTOCs are NEDD1 ______.

Cytokinesis in animal cells is initiated by the formation of a ring of actin filaments called the ______ ring

Astral microtubules anchor spindle poles in ______.

In plant cells, the division of the cell is achieved by constructing a new ______

Microtubules that attach to chromosomes are called kinetochore ______.

The fusion of the cell plate with the original cell wall completes cytokinesis in ______ cells

The cell cycle consists of two distinct stages: 1) M phase: the time during which the parent cell divides into two daughter ______.

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is pinched to form a cleavage furrow in ______ cells

The ______ phase of the cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Cells are growing and preparing for division or are fulfilling their specialized ______.

Cell-cycle length can vary greatly among cell types, mostly due to variation in the length of ______ phase.

Nondividing cells get permanently stuck in ______ phase. This arrested state is called the G0 state.

Cancerous cells have two types of defects: Defects that activate the proteins required for cell growth when they should not be active. Defects that prevent tumour suppressor genes from shutting down the cell cycle. Two types of tumours: Benign tumours are noncancerous and noninvasive. Malignant tumours are cancerous and ______.

Cells that divide without control may form a ______.

Cell-Cycle Checkpoints: There are four cell-cycle checkpoints: G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, ______ checkpoints.

Benign tumours are ______ and noninvasive. Malignant tumours are cancerous and invasive.

In animal cells, NEDD1 complexes serve as MTOCs.

The spindle apparatus defines a single pole instead of two poles.

Polar microtubules extend inward towards each spindle pole.

Astral microtubules play a role in moving replicated chromosomes during mitosis.

Kinetochore microtubules attach to chromosomes in animal cells but not in plant cells.

Centrosomes are the same as MTOCs in animal cells.

NEDD1 complexes are primarily found in plant cells during cell division.

Spindle apparatus is responsible for moving replicated chromosomes during late mitosis.

Kinetochore microtubules attach to the centromere region of replicated chromosomes.

MTOCs are essential for anchoring spindle poles in place during cell division.

NEDD1 complexes are responsible for anchoring the spindle poles in place during mitosis

Centrosomes in animal cells do not contain any microtubules

The spindle apparatus is directly involved in the division of the cytoplasm during cytokinesis

Kinetochore microtubules are responsible for anchoring the centrosomes in place during cell division

Animal cells utilize NEDD1 complexes as their MTOCs during mitosis

Centrosomes are found in prokaryotic cells.

The NEDD1 complex is involved in forming the spindle apparatus during mitosis.

Kinetochore microtubules attach to the centrosomes during cell division.

MTOCs are only present in animal cells and not in plant cells.

The spindle apparatus is primarily composed of DNA in eukaryotic cells.